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rev. 0 information furnished by analog devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. however, no responsibility is assumed by analog devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties which may result from its use. no license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of analog devices. a ad73422 one technology way, p.o. box 9106, norwood, ma 02062-9106, u.s.a. tel: 781/329-4700 world wide web site: http://www.analog.com fax: 781/326-8703 ?analog devices, inc., 1999 dual low power cmos analog front end with dsp microcomputer functional block diagram external address bus host mode serial ports sport 0 shifter mac alu arithmetic units memory programmable i/o and flags byte dma controller timer adsp-2100 base architecture power-down control program sequencer dag 2 data address generators program memory address data memory address program memory data data memory data internal dma port dag 1 16k dm (optional 8k) 16k pm (optional 8k) external data bus full memory mode or external data bus sport 1 serial port sport 2 ref adc2 dac2 adc1 dac1 analog front end section features afe performance two 16-bit a/d converters two 16-bit d/a converters programmable input/output sample rates 78 db adc snr 77 db dac snr 64 ks/s maximum sample rate ?0 db crosstalk low group delay (25 s typ per adc channel, 50 s typ per dac channel) programmable input/output gain on-chip reference dsp performance 19 ns instruction cycle time @ 3.3 v, 52 mips sustained performance single-cycle instruction execution single-cycle context switch 3-bus architecture allows dual operand fetches in every instruction cycle multifunction instructions power-down mode featuring low cmos standby power dissipation with 400 cycle recovery from power-down condition low power dissipation in idle mode general description the ad73422 is a single device incorporating a dual analog front end and a microcomputer optimized for digital signal processing (dsp) and other high speed numeric processing applications. the ad73422s analog front end (afe) section features a dual front-end converter for general purpose applications including speech and telephony. the afe section features two 16-bit a/d conversion channels and two 16-bit d/a conversion channels. each channel provides 77 db signal-to-noise ratio over a voiceband signal bandwidth. it also features an input-to-output gain network in both the analog and digital domains. this is featured on both codecs and can be used for impedance match- ing or scaling when interfacing to subscriber line interface circuits (slics). the ad73422 is particularly suitable for a variety of applica- tions in the speech and telephony area including low bit rate, high quality compression, speech enhancement, recognition and synthesis. the low group delay characteristic of the afe makes it suitable for single or multichannel active control applications. the a/d and d/a conversion channels feature programmable input/output gains with ranges 38 db and 21 db respectively. an on-chip reference voltage is included to allow single supply operation. the sampling rate of the afe is programmable with four sepa- rate settings offering 64, 32, 16 and 8 khz sampling rates (from a master clock of 16.384 mhz), while the serial port (sport2) allows easy expansion of the number of i/o channels by cascad- ing extra afes external to the ad73422. the ad73422s dsp engine combines the adsp-2100 family base architecture (three computational units, data address gen- erators and a program sequencer) with two serial ports, a 16-bit internal dma port, a byte dma port, a programmable timer, flag i/o, extensive interrupt capabilities and on-chip program and data memory. the ad73422-80 integrates 80k bytes of on-chip memory configured as 16k words (24-bit) of program ram, and 16k words (16-bit) of data ram. the ad73422-40 integrates 40k bytes of on-chip memory configured as 8k words (24-bit) of program ram, and 8k words (16-bit) of data ram. power- down circuitry is also provided to meet the low power needs of battery operated portable equipment. the ad73422 is available in a 119-ball pbga package.
rev. 0 ? ad73422?pecifications parameter min typ max units test conditions afe section reference refcap absolute voltage, v refcap 1.125 1.25 1.375 v refcap tc 50 ppm/ c 0.1 f capacitor required from refout refcap to agnd2 typical output impedance 130 ? absolute voltage, v refout 1.08 1.2 1.32 v unloaded minimum load resistance 1 k ? maximum load capacitance 100 pf input amplifier offset 1.0 mv maximum output swing 1.578 v max output swing = (1.578/1.25) v refcap feedback resistance 50 k ? f c = 32 khz feedback capacitance 100 pf analog gain tap gain at maximum setting +1 gain at minimum setting C1 gain resolution 5 bits gain step size = 0.0625 gain accuracy 1.0 % output unloaded settling time 1.0 ms tap gain change of Cfs to +fs delay 0.5 ms adc specifications maximum input range at vin 2, 3 1.578 v p-p measured differentially. C2.85 dbm max input = (1.578/1.25) v refcap nominal reference level at vin 1.0954 v p-p measured differentially (0 dbm0) C6.02 dbm absolute gain pga = 0 db C0.5 0.4 +1.2 db 1.0 khz, 0 dbm0 pga = 38 db C0.7 db 1.0 khz, 0 dbm0 gain tracking error 0.1 db 1.0 khz, +3 dbm0 to C50 dbm0 signal to (noise + distortion) pga = 0 db 72 78 db 300 hz to 3400 hz; f samp = 64 khz 78 db 300 hz to 3400 hz; f samp = 8 khz 55 57 db 0 hz to f samp /2; f samp = 64 khz pga = 38 db 56 db 300 hz to 3400 hz; f samp = 64 khz total harmonic distortion pga = 0 db C84 C73 db 300 hz to 3400 hz; f samp = 64 khz pga = 38 db C70 db 300 hz to 3400 hz; f samp = 64 khz intermodulation distortion C65 db pga = 0 db idle channel noise C71 dbm0 pga = 0 db crosstalk, adc-to-dac C100 db adc input level: 1.0 khz, 0 dbm0 dac input at idle adc-to-adc C100 db adc1 input level: 1.0 khz, 0 dbm0 adc2 input at idle. input amps by passed C70 db input amplifiers included in input channel dc offset C30 +10 +45 mv pga = 0 db power supply rejection C65 db input signal level at avdd and dvdd pins: 1.0 khz, 100 mv p-p sine wave group delay 4, 5 25 s input resistance at pga 2, 4, 6 20 k ? dmclk = 16.384 mhz; input amplifiers bypassed and agt off digital gain tap gain at maximum setting +1 gain at minimum setting C1 gain resolution 16 bits tested to 5 msbs of settings delay 25 ms includes dac delay settling time 100 ms tap gain change from Cfs to +fs; includes dac settling time (avdd = dvdd = vdd = +3 v to 3.6 v; dgnd = agnd = 0 v, f dmclk = 16.384 mhz, f samp = 64 khz; t a = t min to t max , unless otherwise noted.)
rev. 0 3 ad73422 parameter min typ max units test conditions dac specifications maximum voltage output swing 2 single-ended 1.578 v p-p pga = 6 db C2.85 dbm max output = (1.578/1.25) v refcap differential 3.156 v p-p pga = 6 db 3.17 dbm max output = 2 ((1.578/1.25) v refcap ) nominal voltage output swing (0 dbm0) single-ended 1.0954 v p-p pga = 6 db C6.02 dbm differential 2.1909 v p-p pga = 6 db 0 dbm output bias voltage 1.2 v refout unloaded absolute gain C0.85 +0.4 +0.85 db 1.0 khz, 0 dbm0; unloaded gain tracking error 0.1 db 1.0 khz, +3 dbm0 to C50 dbm0 signal to (noise + distortion) at 0 dbm0 pga = 6 db 62.5 77 db 300 hz to 3400 hz; f samp = 64 khz total harmonic distortion at 0 dbm0 pga = 6 db C80 C62.5 db 300 hz to 3400 hz; f samp = 64 khz intermodulation distortion C85 db pga = 0 db idle channel noise C85 dbm0 pga = 0 db crosstalk, dac-to-adc C90 db adc input level: agnd; dac output level: 1.0 khz, 0 dbm0; input amplifiers bypassed C77 db input amplifiers included in input channel dac-to-dac C100 db dac1 output level: agnd; dac2 output level: 1.0 khz, 0 dbm0 power supply rejection C65 db input signal level at avdd and dvdd pins: 1.0 khz, 100 mv p-p sine wave group delay 4, 5 25 s interpolator bypassed 50 s output dc offset 2, 7 C20 +20 +60 mv minimum load resistance, r l 2, 8 single-ended 4 600 ? differential 600 ? maximum load capacitance, c l 2, 8 single-ended 4 500 pf differential 100 pf logic inputs v inh , input high voltage dvdd C 0.8 dvdd v v inl , input low voltage 0 0.8 v i ih , input current C10 +10 a c in , input capacitance 4 12 24 pf logic output v oh , output high voltage dvdd C 0.4 dvdd v |iout| 100 a v ol , output low voltage 0 0.4 v |iout| 100 a three-state leakage current C10 +10 a power supplies avdd 3.0 3.6 v dvdd 3.0 3.6 v i dd 10 see table i notes 1 operating temperature range is as follows: C20 c to +85 c; therefore, t min = C20 c and t max = +85 c. 2 test conditions: input pga set for 0 db gain, output pga set for 6 db gain, no load on analog outputs (unless otherwise noted). 3 at input to sigma-delta modulator of adc. 4 guaranteed by design. 5 overall group delay will be affected by the sample rate and the external digital filtering. 6 the adcs input impedance is inversely proportional to dmclk and is approximated by: (3.3 10 11 )/dmclk. 7 between voutp1 and voutn1 or between voutp2 and voutn2. 8 at vout output. 9 frequency responses of adc and dac measured with input at audio reference level (the input level that produces an output level of C10 dbm0), with 38 db pream- plifier bypassed and input gain of 0 db. 10 test conditions: no load on digital inputs, analog inputs ac-coupled to ground, no load on analog outputs. specifications subject to change without notice.
rev. 0 ? ad73422?pecifications parameter test conditions min typ max units dsp section v ih hi-level input voltage 1, 2 @ vdd = max 2.0 v v ih hi-level clkin voltage @ vdd = max 2.2 v v il lo-level input voltage 1, 3 @ vdd = min 0.8 v v oh hi-level output voltage 1, 4, 5 @ vdd = min i oh = C0.5 ma 2.4 v @ vdd = min i oh = C100 a 6 v dd C 0.3 v v ol lo-level output voltage 1, 4, 5 @ vdd = min i ol = 2 ma 0.4 v i ih hi-level input current 3 @ vdd = max v in = vdd max 10 a i il lo-level input current 3 @ vdd = max v in = 0 v 10 a i ozh three-state leakage current 7 @ vdd = max v in = vdd max 8 10 a i ozl three-state leakage current 7 @ vdd = max v in = 0 v 8 10 a i dd supply current (idle) 9 @ vdd = 3.6 t ck = 19 ns 10 12 ma t ck = 25 ns 10 10 ma t ck = 30 ns 10 9ma i dd supply current (dynamic) 11 @ vdd = 3.6 t amb = +25 c t ck = 19 ns 10 54 ma t ck = 25 ns 10 43 ma t ck = 30 ns 10 37 ma c i input pin capacitance 3, 6, 12 @ v in = 2.5 v f in = 1.0 mhz t amb = +25 c812pf c o output pin capacitance 6, 7, 12, 13 @ v in = 2.5 v f in = 1.0 mhz t amb = +25 c 1020pf notes 1 bidirectional pins: d0Cd23, rfs0, rfs1, sclk0, sclk1, tfs0, tfs1, a1Ca13, pf0Cpf7. 2 input only pins: reset , br , dr0, dr1, pwd . 3 input only pins: clkin, reset , br, dr0, dr1, pwd . 4 output pins: bg , pms , dms , bms , ioms , cms , rd , wr , pwdack, a0, dt0, dt1, clkout, fl2C0, bgh . 5 although specified for ttl outputs, all ad73422 outputs are cmos-compatible and will drive to vdd and gnd, assuming no dc loads . 6 guaranteed but not tested. 7 three-statable pins: a0Ca13, d0Cd23, pms , dms , bms , ioms , cms , rd , wr , dt0, dt1, sclk0, sclk1, tfs0, tfs1, rfs0, rfs1, pf0Cpf7. 8 0 v on br . 9 idle refers to ad73422 state of operation during execution of idle instruction. deasserted pins are driven to either vdd or gnd . 10 v in = 0 v and 3 v. for typical figures for supply currents, refer to power dissipation section. 11 i dd measurement taken with all instructions executing from internal memory. 50% of the instructions are multifunction (types 1, 4, 5, 12, 13, 14), 30% are type 2 and type 6, and 20% are idle instructions. 12 applies to pbga package type. 13 output pin capacitance is the capacitive load for any three-stated output pin. specifications subject to change without notice. (avdd = dvdd = vdd = +3 v to 3.6 v; dgnd = agnd = 0 v, f dmclk = 16.384 mhz, f samp = 64 khz; t a = t min to t max , unless otherwise noted.)
rev. 0 5 ad73422 power consumption conditions typ max se amclk on test conditions afe section adcs only on 11.5 12 1 yes refout disabled dacs only on 20 22 1 yes refout disabled adcs and dacs on 24.5 27 1 yes refout disabled adcs and dacs and input amps on 30 34 1 yes refout disabled adcs and dacs and agt on 29 32.5 1 yes refout disabled all sections on 37 43.5 1 yes refcap only on 0.8 1.25 0 no refout disabled refcap and refout only on 3.5 4.75 0 no all afe sections off 1.5 3.0 0 yes amclk active levels equal to 0 v and dvdd all afe sections off 10 a 40 a 0 no digital inputs static and equal to 0 v or dvdd notes the above values are in ma and are typical values unless otherwise noted. specifications subject to change without notice. timing characteristics?fe section 1 parameter limit units description clock signals see figure 1 t 1 61 ns min 16.384 mhz amclk period t 2 24.4 ns min amclk width high t 3 24.4 ns min amclk width low serial port see figures 3 and 4 t 4 t 1 ns min sclk period (sclk = amclk) t 5 0.4 t 1 ns min sclk width high t 6 0.4 t 1 ns min sclk width low t 7 20 ns min sdi/sdifs setup before sclk low t 8 0 ns min sdi/sdifs hold after sclk low t 9 10 ns max sdofs delay from sclk high t 10 10 ns min sdofs hold after sclk high t 11 10 ns min sdo hold after sclk high t 12 10 ns max sdo delay from sclk high t 13 30 ns max sclk delay from amclk notes 1 for details of the dsp section timing, please refer to the adsp-2185l data sheet and the adsp-2100 family user? manual , third edition. specifications subject to change without notice.
rev. 0 ad73422 ? caution esd (electrostatic discharge) sensitive device. electrostatic charges as high as 4000 v readily accumulate on the human body and test equipment and can discharge without detection. although the ad73422 features proprietary esd protection circuitry, permanent damage may occur on devices subjected to high energy electrostatic discharges. therefore, proper esd precautions are recommended to avoid performance degradation or loss of functionality. warning! esd sensitive device absolute maximum ratings* (t a = +25 c unless otherwise noted) avdd, dvdd to gnd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C0.3 v to +4.6 v agnd to dgnd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C0.3 v to +0.3 v digital i/o voltage to dgnd . . . . . C0.3 v to dvdd + 0.3 v analog i/o voltage to agnd . . . . . C0.3 v to avdd + 0.3 v operating temperature range industrial (b version) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C20 c to +85 c storage temperature range . . . . . . . . . . . . C40 c to +125 c maximum junction temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +150 c pbga, ja thermal impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 c/w reflow soldering maximum temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +225 c time at maximum temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 sec maximum temperature ramp rate . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 c/sec *stresses above those listed under absolute maximum ratings may cause perma- nent damage to the device. this is a stress rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those listed in the operational sections of this specification is not implied. exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. ordering guide temperature package package model range description option ad73422bb-80 C20 c to +85 c 119-ball plastic ball grid array b-119 ad73422bb-40 C20 c to +85 c 119-ball plastic ball grid array b-119 EVAL-AD73422EB evaluation board pbga ball configuration 6 1 23 4 57 irqe /pf4 dms vdd (int) clkin a11/iad10 a7/iad6 a4/iad3 irql0 /pf5 pms wr xtal a12/iad11 a8/iad7 a5/iad4 irql1 /pf6 ioms rd vdd (ext) a13/iad12 a9/iad8 gnd irq2 /pf7 cms bms clkout gnd a10/iad9 a6/iad5 dt0 tfs0 rfs0 a3/iad2 a2/iad1 a1/iad0 a0 dr0 sclk0 dt1/f0 pwdack bgh mode a /pf0 mode b/pf1 tfs1/ irq1 rfs1/ irq0 dr1/fi gnd pwd vdd (ext) mode c /pf2 sclk1 ereset reset pf3 fl0 fl1 fl2 ems ee eclk d23 d22 d21 d20 elout elin eint d19 d18 d17 d16 bg d3/ iack d5/ial d8 d9 d12 d15 ebg d2/iad15 d4/ is d7/ iwr vdd (ext) d11 d14 br d1/iad14 vdd (int) d6/ ird gnd d10 d13 ebr d0/iad13 dvdd dgnd areset sclk2 amclk sdo sdofs sdifs sdi se refcap refout vfbp1 vinp1 vfbn1 vinn1 vfbn2 vinn2 vfbp2 agnd avdd voutp2 voutn2 voutp1 voutn1 vinp2 a b c d e f g h j k l m n p r t u top view notes: vdd (int) ?dsp core supply vdd (ext) ?dsp i/o driver supply both vdd (int) and vdd (ext) should be powered from the same supply.
rev. 0 ad73422 ? pbga ball configuration descriptions bga mnemonic location function vinp1 t2 analog input to the inverting terminal of the inverting input amplifier on channel 1s positive input. vfbp1 t1 feedback connection from the output of the inverting amplifier on channel 1s positive input. when the input amplifiers are bypassed, this pin allows direct access to the positive input of channel 1s sigma-delta modulator. vinn1 t4 analog input to the inverting terminal of the inverting input amplifier on channel 1s negative input. vfbn1 t3 feedback connection from the output of the inverting amplifier on channel 1s positive input. when the input amplifiers are bypassed, this pin allows direct access to the negative input of channel 1s sigma-delta modulator. refout r7 buffered reference output, which has a nominal value of 1.2 v. as the reference is common to the two codec units, the reference value is set by the wired or of the crc:7 bits in each codecs status register. refcap r6 a bypass capacitor to agnd2 of 0.1 f is required for the on-chip reference. the capacitor should be fixed to this pin. dgnd p4 afe digital ground/substrate connection. dvdd p3 afe digital power supply connection. areset p5 active low reset signal. this input resets the entire chip, resetting the control registers and clearing the digital circuitry. sclk2 p6 output serial clock whose rate determines the serial transfer rate to/from the codec. it is used to clock data or control information to and from the serial port (sport). the frequency of sclk is equal to the fre- quency of the master clock (amclk) divided by an integer numberthis integer number being the prod- uct of the external master clock rate divider and the serial clock rate divider. amclk p7 afe master clock input. amclk is driven from an external clock signal. if it is required to run the dsp and afe sections from a common clock crystal, amclk should be connected to the xtal pin of the dsp section. sdo r1 serial data output of the codec. both data and control information may be output on this pin and is clocked on the positive edge of sclk. sdo is in three-state when no information is being transmitted and when se is low. sdofs r2 framing signal output for sdo serial transfers. the frame sync is one bit wide and is active one sclk period before the first bit (msb) of each output word. sdofs is referenced to the positive edge of sclk. sdofs is in three-state when se is low. sdifs r3 framing signal input for sdi serial transfers. the frame sync is one bit wide and is valid one sclk pe- riod before the first bit (msb) of each input word. sdifs is sampled on the negative edge of sclk and is ignored when se is low. sdi r4 serial data input of the codec. both data and control information may be input on this pin and are clocked on the negative edge of sclk. sdi is ignored when se is low. se r5 sport enable. asynchronous input enable pin for the sport. when se is set low by the dsp, the out- put pins of the sport are three-stated and the input pins are ignored. sclk is also disabled internally in order to decrease power dissipation. when se is brought high, the control and data registers of the sport are at their original values (before se was brought low), however the timing counters and other internal registers are at their reset values. agnd u1 afe analog ground/substrate connection. avdd u2 afe analog power supply connection. voutp2 u3 analog output from the positive terminal of output channel 2. voutn2 u4 analog output from the negative terminal of output channel 2. voutp1 u5 analog output from the positive terminal of output channel 1. voutn1 u6 analog output from the negative terminal of output channel 1. vinp2 u7 analog input to the inverting terminal of the inverting input amplifier on channel 2s positive input. vfbp2 t7 feedback connection from the output of the inverting amplifier on channel 2s positive input. when the input amplifiers are bypassed, this pin allows direct access to the positive input of channel 2s sigma-delta modulator. vinn2 t6 analog input to the inverting terminal of the inverting input amplifier on channel 2s negative input. vfbn2 t5 feedback connection from the output of the inverting amplifier on channel 2s negative input. when the input amplifiers are bypassed, this pin allows direct access to the negative input of channel 2s sigma-delta modulato r. reset h3 (input) processor reset input. br n1 (input) bus request input. bg l1 (output) bus grant output. bgh f5 (output) bus grant hung output. dms a2 (output) data memory select output. pms b2 (output) program memory select output. ioms c2 (output) memory select output. bms d3 (output) byte memory select output. cms d2 (output) combined memory select output. rd c3 (output) memory read enable output. wr b3 (output) memory write enable output. irq2/ (input) edge- or level-sensitive interrupt request 1 . pf7 d1 (input/output) programmable i/o pin. irql1/ (input) level-sensitive interrupt requests 1 . pf6 c1 (input/output) programmable i/o pin.
rev. 0 ad73422 ? pbga ball configuration descriptions (continued) bga mnemonic location function irql0/ (input) level-sensitive interrupt requests 1 . pf5 b1 (input/output) programmable i/o pin. irqe/ (input) edge-sensitive interrupt requests 1 . pf4 a1 (input/output) programmable i/o pin. pf3 h4 (input/output) programmable i/o pin during normal operation. mode c/ (input) mode select inputchecked only during reset . pf2 g7 (input/output) programmable i/o pin during normal operation. mode b/ (input) mode select inputchecked only during reset . pf1 f7 (input/output) programmable i/o pin during normal operation. mode a/ (input) mode select inputchecked only during reset . pf0 f6 (input/output) programmable i/o pin during normal operation. clkin a4 (inputs) clock or quartz crystal input. the clkin input cannot be halted or changed during operation xtal b4 nor operated below 10 mhz during normal operation. clkout d4 (output) processor clock output. sport0 tfs0 e2 (input/output) sport0 transmit frame sync. rfs0 e3 (input/output) sport0 receive frame sync. dt0 e1 (output) sport0 transmit data. dr0 f1 (input) sport0 receive data. sclk0 f2 (input/output) sport0 serial clock. sport1 tfs1/ (input/output) sport1 transmit frame sync. irq1 g1 (input) edge or level sensitive interrupt. rfs1 (input/output) sport1 receive frame sync. irq0 g2 (input) edge or level sensitive interrupt. dt1/ (output) sport1 transmit data. fo f3 (output) flag out 2 . dr1/ (input) sport1 receive data. fi g3 (input) flag in 2 . sclk1 h1 (input/output) sport1 serial clock. fl0 h5 (output) flag 0. fl1 h6 (output) flag 1. fl2 h7 (output) flag 2. vdd(int) a3 (input) dsp core supply. n3 vdd(ext) c4 (input) dsp i/o interface supply. g6 m5 gnd c7 dsp ground. d5 g4 n5 ez-ice port ereset h2 ems j1 ee j2 eclk j3 elout k1 elin k2 eint k3 ebr p1 ebg m1 a ddress bus a0Ce7; a1/iad0Ce6; a2/iad1Ce5; a3/iad2Ce4; a4/iad3Ca7; a5/iad4Cb7; a6/iad5Cd7; a7/iad6Ca6; a8/iad7Cb6; a9/iad8Cc6; a10/iad9Cd6; a11/iad10Ca5; a12/iad11Cb5; a13/iad12Cc5 data bus d0/iad13Cp2; d1/iad14Cn2; d2/iad15Cm2; d3/ iack Cl2; d4/ is Cm3; d5/ialCl3; d6/ ird Cn4; d7/ iwr C m4; d8Cl4; d9Cl5; d10Cn6; d11Cm6; d12Cl6; d13Cn7; d14Cm7; d15Cl7; d16Ck7; d17Ck6; d18Ck5; d19Ck4; d20Cj7; d21Cj6; d22Cj5; d23Cj4 notes 1 interrupt/flag pins retain both functions concurrently. if imask is set to enable the corresponding interrupts, then the dsp wi ll vector to the appropriate interrupt vector address when the pin is asserted, either by external devices, or set as a programmable flag. 2 sport configuration determined by the dsp system control register. software configurable.
rev. 0 ad73422 ? architecture overview the ad73422 instruction set provides flexible data moves and multifunction (one or two data moves with a computation) instructions. every instruction can be executed in a single pro- cessor cycle. the ad73422 assembly language uses an algebraic syntax for ease of coding and readability. a comprehensive set of development tools supports program development. external address bus host mode serial ports sport 0 shifter mac alu arithmetic units memory programmable i/o and flags byte dma controller timer adsp-2100 base architecture power-down control program sequencer dag 2 data address generators program memory address data memory address program memory data data memory data internal dma port dag 1 16k dm (optional 8k) 16k pm (optional 8k) external data bus full memory mode or external data bus sport 1 serial port sport 2 ref adc2 dac2 adc1 dac1 analog front end section figure 1. functional block diagram figure 1 is an overall block diagram of the ad73422. the pro- cessor section contains three independent computational units: the alu, the multiplier/accumulator (mac) and the shifter. the computational units process 16-bit data directly and have provisions to support multiprecision computations. the alu performs a standard set of arithmetic and logic operations; divi- sion primitives are also supported. the mac performs single- cycle multiply, multiply/add and multiply/subtract operations with 40 bits of accumulation. the shifter performs logical and arithmetic shifts, normalization, denormalization and derive exponent operations. the internal result (r) bus connects the computational units so that the output of any unit may be the input of any unit on the next cycle. a powerful program sequencer and two dedicated data address generators ensure efficient delivery of operands to these compu- tational units. the sequencer supports conditional jumps, sub- routine calls and returns in a single cycle. with internal loop counters and loop stacks, the ad73422 executes looped code with zero overhead; no explicit jump instructions are required to maintain loops. two data address generators (dags) provide addresses for simultaneous dual operand fetches (from data memory and program memory). each dag maintains and updates four address pointers. whenever the pointer is used to access data (indirect addressing), it is post-modified by the value of one of four possible modify registers. a length value may be associated with each pointer to implement automatic modulo addressing for circular buffers. the two address buses (pma and dma) share a single external address bus, allowing memory to be expanded off-chip, and the two data buses (pmd and dmd) share a single external data bus. byte memory space and i/o memory space also share the external buses. an interface to low cost byte-wide memory is provided by the byte dma port (bdma port). the bdma port is bidirectional and can directly address up to four megabytes of external ram or rom for off-chip storage of program overlays or data tables. the ad73422 can respond to eleven interrupts. there can be up to six external interrupts (one edge-sensitive, two level- sensitive and three configurable) and seven internal interrupts generated by the timer, the serial ports (sports), the byte dma port and the power-down circuitry. there is also a master reset signal. the two serial ports provide a complete synchro- nous serial interface with optional companding in hardware and a wide variety of framed or frameless data transmit and receive modes of operation. each port can generate an internal programmable serial clock or accept an external serial clock. the ad73422 provides up to 13 general-purpose flag pins. the data input and output pins on sport1 can be alternatively configured as an input flag and an output flag. in addition, eight flags are programmable as inputs or outputs and three flags are always outputs. a programmable interval timer generates periodic interrupts. a 16-bit count register (tcount) is decremented every n pro- cessor cycle, where n is a scaling value stored in an 8-bit register (tscale). when the value of the count register reaches zero, an interrupt is generated and the count register is reloaded from a 16-bit period register (tperiod). analog front end the afe section is configured as a separate block that is nor- mally connected to either sport0 or sport1 of the dsp section. as it is not hardwired to either sport, the user has total flexibility in how they wish to allocate system resources to support the afe. it is also possible to further expand the num- ber of analog i/o channels connected to the sport by cascad- ing other single or dual channel afes (ad73311 or ad73322) external to the ad73422. the afe is configured as a cascade of two i/o channels (similar to that of the discrete ad73322refer to the ad73322 data sheet for more details), with each channel having a separate 16-bit sigma-delta based adc and dac. both channels share a com- mon reference whose nominal value is 1.2 v. figure 2 shows a block diagram of the afe section of the ad73422. it shows two channels of adc and dac conversion, along with a common reference. communication to both channels is handled by the sport2 block which interfaces to either sport0 or sport1 of the dsp section. figure 3 shows the analog connectivity available on each chan- nel of the afe (channel 1 is detailed here). both channels feature fully differential inputs and outputs. the input section allows direct connection to the internal programmable gain amplifier at the input of the sigma-delta adc section, or op- tional inverting amplifiers may be configured to provide some fixed external gain or to interface to a transducer with relatively high source impedance. the input section also features pro- grammable differential channel inversion and configuration of the differential input as two separate single-ended inputs. the adc features a second order sigma-delta modulator which
rev. 0 ad73422 10 gain 1 0/38db pga decimator +6/ 15db pga inter- polator v ref vfbn1 vinn1 vinp1 vfbp1 voutp1 voutn1 refcap refout ad73422 afe section sdofs sdo amclk se areset sclk2 sdifs sdi analog sigma-delta modulator gain 1 invert single-ended enable analog loop- back reference gain 1 0/38db pga decimator +6/ 15db pga continuous time low-pass filter 1-bit dac digital sigma- delta modulator inter- polator v ref vfbn2 vinn2 vinp2 vfbp2 voutp2 voutn2 analog sigma-delta modulator switched capacitor low-pass filter gain 1 invert single-ended enable analog loop- back continuous time low-pass filter 1-bit dac digital sigma- delta modulator switched capacitor low-pass filter serial i/o port figure 2. functional block diagram of analog front end section samples at dmclk/8. its bitstream output is filtered and deci- mated by a sinc-cubed decimator to provide a sample rate se- lectable from 64 khz, 32 khz, 16 khz or 8 khz (based on an amclk of 16.384 mhz). inverting op amps analog loop-back select invert continuous time low-pass filter v ref vfbn1 vinn1 vinp1 vfbp1 voutp1 voutn1 refcap refout ad73422 afe section v ref analog gain tap gain 1 +6/ 15db pga reference single-ended enable 0/38db pga figure 3. analog front end configuration the dac channel features a sinc-cubed interpolator which increases the sample rate from the selected rate to the digital sigma-delta modulator rate of dmclk/8. the digital sigma- delta modulators output bitstream is fed to a single-bit dac whose output is reconstructed/filtered by two stages of low-pass filtering (switched capacitor and continuous time) before being applied to the differential output driver. each channel also features two programmable gain elements, analog gain tap (agt) and digital gain tap (dgt), which, when enabled, add a signed and scaled amount of the input signal to the dacs output signal. this is of particular use in line impedance balancing when interfacing the afe to sub- scriber line interface circuits (slics). functional description - afe encoder channels both encoder channels consist of a pair of inverting op amps with feedback connections that can be bypassed if required, a switched capacitor pga and a sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (adc). an on -board digital filter, which forms part of the sigma-delta adc, also performs critical system-level filtering. due to the high level of oversampling, the input anti- alias requirements are reduced such that a simple single-pole rc stage is sufficient to give adequate attenuation in the band of interest. programmable gain amplifier each encoder sections analog front end comprises a switched capacitor pga which also forms part of the sigma-delta modu- lator. the sc sampling frequency is dmclk/8. the pga, whose programmable gain settings are shown in table i, may be used to increase the signal level applied to the adc from low output sources such as microphones, and can be used to avoid placing external amplifiers in the circuit. the input signal level to the sigma-delta modulator should not exceed the maximum input voltage permitted. the pga gain is set by bits igs0, igs1 and igs2 (crd:0C2) in control register d.
rev. 0 ad73422 11 table i. pga settings for the encoder channel igs2 igs1 igs0 gain (db) 000 0 001 6 010 12 011 18 100 20 101 26 110 32 111 38 adc both adcs consist of an analog sigma-delta modulator and a digital antialiasing decimation filter. the sigma-delta modu- lator noise-shapes the signal and produces 1-bit samples at a dmclk/8 rate. this bitstream, representing the analog input signal, is input to the antialiasing decimation filter. the decima- tion filter reduces the sample rate and increases the resolution. analog sigma-delta modulator the ad73422s input channels employ a sigma-delta conver- sion technique, which provides a high resolution 16-bit output with system filtering being implemented on-chip. sigma-delta converters employ a technique known as over- sampling w here the sampling rate is many times the highest frequency of interest. in the case of the ad73422, the initial sampling rate of the sigma-delta modulator is dmclk/8. the main effect of oversampling is that the quantization noise is spread over a very wide bandwidth, up to f s /2 = dmclk/16 (figure 4a). this means that the noise in the band of interest is much reduced. another complementary feature of sigma-delta converters is the use of a technique called noise-shaping. this technique has the effect of pushing the noise from the band of interest to an out-of-band position (figure 4b). the combination band of interest f s /2 dmclk/16 a. f s /2 dmclk/16 noise-shaping b. band of interest f s /2 dmclk/16 digital filter band of interest c. figure 4. sigma-delta noise reduction of these techniques, followed by the application of a digital filter, sufficiently reduces the noise in band to ensure good dynamic performance from the part (figure 4c). figure 5 shows the various stages of filtering that are employed in a typical ad73422 application. in figure 5a we see the trans- fer function of the external analog antialias filter. even though it is a single rc pole, its cutoff frequency is sufficiently far away from the initial sampling frequency (dmclk/8) that it takes care of any signals that could be aliased by the sampling fre- quency. this also shows the major difference between the initial oversampling rate and the bandwidth of interest. in figure 5b, the signal and noise-shaping responses of the sigma-delta modu- lator are shown. the signal response provides further rejection of any high frequency signals, while the noise-shaping will push the inherent quantization noise to an out-of-band position. the detail of figure 5c shows the response of the digital decima- tion filter (sinc-cubed response) with nulls every multiple of dmclk/256, which corresponds to the decimation filter up- date rate for a 64 khz sampling. the nulls of the sinc3 response correspond with multiples of the chosen sampling frequency. the final detail in figure 5d shows the application of a final antialias filter in the dsp engine. this has the advantage of being implemented according to the users requirements and available mips. the filtering in figures 5a through 5c is imple- mented in the ad73422. f b = 4khz f sinit = dmclk/8 a. analog antialias filter transfer function f b = 4khz f sinit = dmclk/8 noise transfer function signal transfer function b. analog sigma-delta modulator transfer function f b = 4khz f sinter = dmclk/256 c. digital decimator transfer function f b = 4khz f sinter = dmclk/256 f sfinal = 8khz d. final filter lpf (hpf) transfer function figure 5. adc frequency responses
rev. 0 ad73422 12 decimation filter the digital filter used in the ad73422s afe section carries out two important functions. firstly, it removes the out-of-band quantization noise, which is shaped by the analog modulator, and secondly, it decimates the high frequency bitstream to a lower rate 16-bit word. the antialiasing decimation filter is a sinc-cubed digital filter that reduces the sampling rate from dmclk/8 to dmclk/ 256, and increases the resolution from a single bit to 15 bits or greater (depending on chosen sampling rate). its z transform is given as: [(1Cz Cn )/(1Cz C1 )] 3 where n is set by the sampling rate (n = 32 @ 64 khz sampling . . . n = 256 @ 8 khz sampling) thus when the sampling rate is 64 khz a minimal group delay of 25 s can be achieved. word growth in the decimator is determined by the sampling rate. at 64 khz sampling, where the oversampling ratio between sigma-delta modulator and decimator output equals 32, we get five bits per stage of the three stage sinc3 filter. due to symme- try within the sigma-delta modulator, the lsb will always be a zero, therefore the 16-bit adc output word will have 2 lsbs equal to zero, one due to the sigma-delta symmetry and the other being a padding zero to make up the 16-bit word. at lower sampling rates, decimator word growth will be greater than the 16-bit sample word, therefore truncation occurs in transferring the decimator output as the adc word. for example at 8 khz sampling, word growth reaches 24 bits due to the osr of 256 between sigma-delta modulator and decimator output. this yields eight bits per stage of the 3-stage sinc3 filter. adc coding the adc coding scheme is in twos complement format (see figure 6). the output words are formed by the decimation filter, which grows the word length from the single-bit output of the sigma-delta modulator to a word length of up to 18 bits (depending on decimation rate chosen), which is the final out- put of the adc block. in data mode this value is truncated to 16 bits for output on the serial data output (sdo) pin. for input values equal to or greater than positive full scale, however, v ref v fbp v fbn analog input v ref + (v ref 0.32875) v ref (v ref 0.32875) analog input v ref + (v ref 0.6575) v ref (v ref 0.6575) v fbp v fbn 10...00 00...00 01...11 adc code differential 10...00 00...00 01...11 adc code single-ended v ref figure 6. adc transfer function the output word is set at 0x7fff, which has the lsb set to 1. in mixed control/data mode, the resolution is fixed at 15 bits, with the msb of the 16-bit transfer being used as a flag bit to indicate either control or data in the frame. decoder channel the decoder channels consist of digital interpolators, digital sigma-delta modulators, single bit digital-to-analog converters (dac), analog smoothing filters and programmable gain ampli- fiers with differential outputs. dac coding the dac coding scheme is in twos complement format with 0x7fff being full-scale positive and 0x8000 being full-scale negative. interpolation filter the anti-imaging interpolation filter is a sinc-cubed digital filter that up-samples the 16-bit input words from the input sample rate to a rate of dmclk/8, while filtering to attenuate images produced by the interpolation process. its z transform is given as: [(1Cz Cn )/(1Cz C1 )] 3 where n is determined by the sampling rate (n = 32 @ 64 khz . . . n = 256 @ 8 khz). the dac re- ceives 16-bit samples from the host dsp processor at the pro- grammed sample rate of dmclk/n. if the host processor fails to write a new value to the serial port, the existing (previous) data is read again. the data stream is filtered by the anti-imaging interpolation filter, but there is an option to bypass the interpo- lator for the minimum group delay configuration by setting the ibyp bit (cre:5) of control register e. the interpolation filter has the same characteristics as the adcs antialiasing decima- tion filter. the output of the interpolation filter is fed to the dacs digital sigma-delta modulator, which converts the 16-bit data to 1-bit samples at a rate of dmclk/8. the modulator noise-shapes the signal so that errors inherent to the process are minimized in the passband of the converter. the bitstream output of the sigma-delta modulator is fed to the single bit dac where it is converted to an analog voltage. analog smoothing filter and pga the output of the single-bit dac is sampled at dmclk/8, therefore it is necessary to filter the output to reconstruct the low frequency signal. the decoders analog smoothing filter consists of a continuous-time filter preceded by a third-order switched-capacitor filter. the continuous-time filter forms part of the output programmable gain amplifier (pga). the pga can be used to adjust the output signal level from C15 db to +6 db in 3 db steps, as shown in table ii. the pga gain is set by bits ogs0, ogs1 and ogs2 (crd:4-6) in control register d. table ii. pga settings for the decoder channel ogs2 ogs1 ogs0 gain (db) 000 +6 001 +3 010 0 011 C3 100 C6 101 C9 110 C12 111 C15
rev. 0 ad73422 13 differential output amplifiers the decoder has a differential analog output pair (voutp and voutn). the output channel can be muted by setting the mute bit (crd:7) in control register d. the output signal is dc-biased to the codecs on-chip voltage reference. voltage reference the ad73422 reference, refcap, is a bandgap reference that provides a low noise, temperature-compensated reference to the dac and adc. a buffered version of the reference is also made available on the refout pin and can be used to bias other external analog circuitry. the reference has a nominal value of 1.2 v. the reference output (refout) can be enabled for biasing external circuitry by setting the ru bit (crc:6) of crc. inverting op amps analog loop-back select invert continuous time low-pass filter v ref vfbn1 vinn1 vinp1 vfbp1 voutp1 voutn1 refcap refout ad73422 afe section v ref analog gain tap gain 1 +6/ 15db pga reference single-ended enable 0/38db pga figure 7. analog input/output section analog and digital gain taps the ad73422 features analog and digital feedback paths be- tween input and output. the amount of feedback is determined by the gain setting that is programmed in the control registers. this feature can typically be used for balancing the effective impedance between input and output when used in subscriber line interface circuit (slic) interfacing. analog gain tap the analog gain tap is configured as a programmable differential amplifier whose input is taken from the adcs input signal path. the output of the analog gain tap is summed with the output of the dac. the gain is programmable using control register f (crf:0-4) to achieve a gain of C1 to +1 in 32 steps, with muting being achieved through a separate control setting (control register f bit _). the gain incre ment per step is 0.0625. the agt is enabled by powering up the agt control bit in the power control register (crc:1). when this bit is set (=1) crf becomes an agt control register with crf:0-4 holding the agt coefficient, crf:5 becomes an agt enable and crf:7 becomes an agt mute control bit. control bit crf:5 connects/ disconnects the agt output to the summer block at the output of the dac section while control bit crf:7 overrides the gain tap setting with a mute, or zero gain, setting (which is omitted from the gain settings). table iii shows the gain versus digital setting for the agt. table iii. analog gain tap settings* agtc4 agtc3 agtc2 agtc1 agtc0 gain 0 0 0 0 0 +1.00 0 0 0 0 1 +0.9375 0 0 0 1 0 +0.875 0 0 0 1 1 +0.8125 0 0 1 0 0 +0.075 0 1 1 1 1 +0.0625 1 0 0 0 0 C0.0625 1 1 1 0 1 C0.875 1 1 1 1 0 C0.9375 1 1 1 1 1 C1.00 *age and dgt weights are given for the case of vfbnx (connected to the sigma-delta modulators positive input) being at a higher potential than vfbpx (connected to the sigma-delta modulators negative input). digital gain tap the digital gain tap features a programmable gain block whose input is taken from the bitstream from the adcs sigma-delta modulator. this single bit input (1 or 0) is used to add or sub- tract a programmable value, which is the digital gain tap setting, to the output of the dac sections interpolator. the program- mable setting has 16-bit resolution and is programmed using the settings in control registers g and h. table iv. digital gain tap settings* dgt15-0 (hex) gain 0x8000 C1.00 0x9000 C0.875 0xa000 C0.75 0xc000 C0.5 0xe000 C0.25 0x0000 C0.00 0x2000 +0.25 0x4000 +0.5 0x6000 +0.75 0x7fff +0.99999 *age and dgt weights are given for the case of vfbnx (connected to the sigma-delta modulators positive input) being at a higher potential than vfbpx (connected to the sigma-delta modulators negative input). afe serial port (sport2) the afe section communicates with the dsp section via its bidirectional synchronous serial port (sport2), which inte rfaces to either sport0 or sport1 of the dsp section. sport2 is used to transmit and receive digital data and control informa- tion. the dual afe is implemented using two separate afe blocks that are internally cascaded with serial port access to the input of afe channel 1 and the output of afe channel 2. this allows other single or dual codec devices to be cascaded together (up to a limit of eight codec units). in both transmit and receive modes, data is transferred at the serial clock (sclk2) rate with the msb being transferred first. communications between the afe section and the dsp section must always be initiated by the afe section (afe is in master modedsp sport is in slave mode). this ensures that there is no collision between input data and output samples.
rev. 0 ad73422 14 amclk (external) se reset sdifs sdi serial port 1 (sport 1) serial register 1 sclk control register 1b control register 1c control register 1d control register 1e control register 1a control register 1g control register 1f control register 1h 3 8 8 8 8 8 16 8 2 dmclk (internal) (sdofs1) (sdo1) amclk divider amclk (external) se reset (sdifs2) (sdi2) serial port 2 (sport 2) serial register control register 2b control register 2c control register 2d control register 2e control register 2a control register 2g control register 2f control register 2h 3 8 8 8 8 8 16 8 2 dmclk (internal) sdofs sdo amclk divider sclk divider sclk divider figure 8. sport2 block diagram sport2 overview sport2 is a flexible, full-duplex, synchronous serial port whose protocol has been designed to allow extra afe devices (ad733xx series), up to a maximum of eight i/o channels, to be connected in cascade to a dsp sport (0 or 1). it has a very flexible architecture that can be configured by programming two of the internal control registers in each afe block. sport2 has three distinct modes of operation: control mode, data mode and mixed control/data mode. note: as each afe has its own control section, the register settings in each must be programmed. the registers that control serial transfer and sample rate operation (cra and crb) must be programmed with the same values, otherwise incorrect opera- tion may occur. in control mode (cra:0 = 0), the devices internal configura- tion can be programmed by writing to the eight internal control registers. in this mode, control information can be written to or read from the codec. in data mode (cra:0 = 1), information that is sent to the device is used to update the decoder section (dac), while the encoder section (adc) data is read from the device. in this mode, only dac and adc data is written to or read from the device. mixed mode (cra:0 = 1 and cra:1 = 1) allows the user to choose whether the information being sent to the device contains either control information or dac data. this is achieved by using the msb of the 16-bit frame as a flag bit. mixed mode reduces the resolution to 15 bits with the msb being used to indicate whether the information in the 16-bit frame is control information or dac/adc data. sport2 features a single 16-bit serial register that is used for both input and output data transfers. as the input and output data must share the same register, some precautions must be observed. the primary precaution is that no information must be written to sport2 without reference to an output sample event, which is when the serial register will be overwritten with the latest adc sample word. once sport2 starts to output the latest adc word, it is safe for the dsp to write new control or data words to the codec. in certain configurations, data can be written to the device to coincide with the output sample being shifted out of the serial registersee section on afe interfacing. the serial clock rate (crb:2C3) defines how many 16-bit words can be written to a device before the next output sample event will happen. the sport2 block diagram, shown in figure 8, details the blocks associated with codecs 1 and 2, including the eight con- trol registers (aCh), external amclk to internal dmclk divider and serial clock divider. the divider rates are controlled by the setting of control register b. the ad73422 features a master clock divider that allows users the flexibility of dividing externally available high frequency dsp or cpu clocks to gen- erate a lower frequency master clock internally in the codec which may be more suitable for either serial transfer or sampling rate requirements. the master clock divider has five divider options ( 1 default condition, 2, 3, 4, 5) that are set by loading the master clock divider field in register b with the appro- priate code. once the internal device master clock (dmclk) has been set using the master clock divider, the sample rate and serial clock settings are derived from dmclk. the sport can work at four different serial clock (sclk) rates: chosen from dmclk, dmclk/2, dmclk/4 or dmclk/8, where dmclk is the internal or device master clock resulting from the external or pin master clock being di- vided by the master clock divider. when working at the lower sclk rate of dmclk/8, which is intended for interfacing with slower dsps, the sport will support a maximum of two codecs in cascade (a single ad73422 or two ad73311s) with the sample rate of dmclk/256. sport2 register maps there are two register banks for each afe channel in the ad73422: the control register bank and the data register bank. the control register bank consists of eight read/write registers, each eight bits wide. table ix shows the control register map for the ad73422. the first two control registers, cra and crb, are reserved for controlling serial activity. they hold settings for parameters such as serial clock rate, internal master clock rate, sample rate and device count. as both codecs are internally cascaded, registers cra and crb on each codec must be programmed with the same setting to ensure correct operation (this is shown in the programming examples). the
rev. 0 ad73422 15 other five registers; crc through crh are used to hold control settings for the adc, dac, reference, power control and gain tap sections of the device. it is not necessary that the contents of crc through crh on each codec are similar. con- trol registers are written to on the negative edge of sclk. the data register bank consists of two 16-bit registers that are the dac and adc registers. master clock divider the ad73422s afe features a programmable master clock divider that allows the user to reduce an externally available master clock, at pin amclk, by one of the ratios 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, to produce an internal master clock signal (dmclk) that is used to calculate the sampling and serial clock rates. the master clock divider is programmable by setting crb:4-6. table v shows the division ratio corresponding to the various bit set- tings. the default divider ratio is divide-by-one. table v. dmclk (internal) rate divider settings mcd2 mcd1 mcd0 dmclk rate 0 0 0 amclk 0 0 1 amclk/2 0 1 0 amclk/3 0 1 1 amclk/4 1 0 0 amclk/5 1 0 1 amclk 1 1 0 amclk 1 1 1 amclk serial clock rate divider the ad73422s afe features a programmable serial clock divider that allows users to match the serial clock (sclk) rate of the data to that of the dsp engine or host processor. the maximum sclk rate available is dmclk, and the other avail- able rates are: dmclk/2, dmclk/4 and dmclk/8. the slowest rate (dmclk/8) is the default sclk rate. the serial clock divider is programmable by setting bits crb:2C3. table vi shows the serial clock rate corresponding to the various bit settings. table vi. sclk rate divider settings scd1 scd0 sclk rate 0 0 dmclk/8 0 1 dmclk/4 1 0 dmclk/2 1 1 dmclk sample rate divider the ad73422 features a programmable sample rate divider that allows users flexibility in matching the codecs adc and dac sample rates (decimation/interpolation rates) to the needs of the dsp software. the maximum sample rate available is dmclk/ 256, which offers the lowest conversion group delay, while the other available rates are: dmclk/512, dmclk/1024 and dmclk/2048. the slowest rate (dmclk/2048) is the default sample rate. the sample rate divider is programmable by setting bits crb:0-1. table vii shows the sample rate corresponding to the various bit settings. table vii. sample rate divider settings dir1 dir0 sclk rate 0 0 dmclk/2048 0 1 dmclk/1024 1 0 dmclk/512 1 1 dmclk/256 dac advance register the loading of the dac is internally synchronized with the unloading of the adc data in each sampling interval. the de- fault dac load event happens one sclk cycle before the sdofs flag is raised by the adc data being ready. however, this dac load position can be advanced before this time by modifying the contents of the dac advance field in control register e (cre:0C4). the field is five bits wide, allowing 31 increments of weight 1/(f s 32); see table viii. the sample rate f s is dependent on the setting of both the amclk divider and the sample rate divider; see tables vii and ix. in certain circumstances this dac update adjustment can reduce the group delay when the adc and dac are used to process data in series. see ad73322 data sheet (appendix c) for details of how the dac advance feature can be used. note: the dac advance register should not be changed while the dac section is powered up. table viii. dac timing control da4 da3 da2 da1 da0 time advance 00 0 0 00 s 0 0 0 0 1 1/(f s 32) s 0 0 0 1 0 2/(f s 32) s 1 1 1 1 0 30/(f s 32) s 1 1 1 1 1 31/(f s 32) s table ix. control register map address (binary) name description type width reset setting (hex) 000 cra control register a r/ w 8 0x00 001 crb control register b r/ w 8 0x00 010 crc control register c r/ w 8 0x00 011 crd control register d r/ w 8 0x00 100 cre control register e r/ w 8 0x00 100 crf control register f r/ w 8 0x00 100 crg control register g r/ w 8 0x00 100 crh control register h r/ w 8 0x00
rev. 0 ad73422 16 table x. control word description 5 14 13 12 11 10 1 9 8 76543210 / c d / r w s s e r d d a e c i v e ds s e r d d a r e t s i g e ra t a d r e t s i g e r control frame description bit 15 control/ data when set high, it signifies a control word in program or mixed program/data modes. when set low, it signifies a data word in mixed program/data mode or an invalid control word in program mode. bit 14 read/ write when set low, it tells the device that the data field is to be written to the register selected by the regis- ter field setting provided the address field is zero. when set high, it tells the device that the selected register is to be written to the data field in the input serial register and that the new control word is to be output from the device via the serial output. bits 13C11 device address this 3-bit field holds the address information. only when this field is zero is a device selected. if t he address is not zero, it is decremented and the control word is passed out of the device via the serial output. bits 10C8 register address this 3-bit field is used to select one of the five control registers on the afe section of the ad73422 . bits 7C0 register data this 8-bit field holds the data that is to be written to or read from the selected register provided the address field is zero. table xi. control register a description a r e t s i g e r l o r t n o c 76543210 t e s e r2 c d1 c d0 c db l sb l dm m / a t a d m g p bit name description 0 data/ pgm operating mode (0 = program; 1 = data mode) 1 mm mixed mode (0 = off; 1 = enabled) 2 dlb digital loop-back mode (0 = off; 1 = enabled) 3 slb sport loop-back mode (0 = off; 1 = enabled) 4 dc0 device count (bit 0) 5 dc1 device count (bit 1) 6 dc2 device count (bit 2) 7 reset software reset (0 = off; 1 = initiates reset) table xii. control register b description b r e t s i g e r l o r t n o c 76543210 e e c2 d c m1 d c m0 d c m1 d c s0 d c s1 r i d0 r i d bit name description 0 dir0 decimation/interpolation rate (bit 0) 1 dir1 decimation/interpolation rate (bit 1) 2 scd0 serial clock divider (bit 0) 3 scd1 serial clock divider (bit 1) 4 mcd0 master clock divider (bit 0) 5 mcd1 master clock divider (bit 1) 6 mcd2 master clock divider (bit 2) 7 cee control echo enable (0 = off; 1 = enabled)
rev. 0 ad73422 17 table xiii. control register c description c r e t s i g e r l o r t n o c 76543210 n e v 5u rf e r u pc a d u pc d a u pa i u pt g a u pu p bit name description 0 pu power-up device (0 = power-down; 1 = power-on) 1 puagt analog gain tap power (0 = power-down; 1 = power-on) 2 puia input amplifier power (0 = power-down; 1 = power-on) 3 puadc adc power (0 = power-down; 1 = power-on) 4 pudac dac power (0 = power-down; 1 = power-on) 5 puref ref power (0 = power-down; 1 = power on) 6 ru refout use (0 = disable refout; 1 = enable refout) 7 reserved (must be programmed to 0) table xiv. control register d description d r e t s i g e r l o r t n o c 76543210 e t u m2 s g o1 s g o0 s g od o m r2 s g i1 s g i0 s g i bit name description 0 igs0 input gain select (bit 0) 1 igs1 input gain select (bit 1) 2 igs2 input gain select (bit 2) 3 rmod reset adc modulator (0 = off; 1 = reset enabled) 4 ogs0 output gain select (bit 0) 5 ogs1 output gain select (bit 1) 6 ogs2 output gain select (bit 2) 7 mute output mute (0 = mute off; 1 = mute enabled) table xv. control register e description e r e t s i g e r l o r t n o c 76543210 e m te t g dp y b i4 a d3 a d2 a d1 a d0 a d bit name description 0 da0 dac advance setting (bit 0) 1 da1 dac advance setting (bit 1) 2 da2 dac advance setting (bit 2) 3 da3 dac advance setting (bit 3) 4 da4 dac advance setting (bit 4) 5 ibyp interpolator bypass (0 = bypass disabled; 1 = bypass enabled) 6 dgte digital gain tap enable (0 = disabled; 1 = enabled) 7 tme test mode enable (0 = disabled; 1 = enabled)
rev. 0 ad73422 18 table xvi. control register f description f r e t s i g e r l o r t n o c 76543210 / b l a m t g a v n i / n e e s e t g a 4 c t g a3 c t g a2 c t g a1 c t g a0 c t g a bit name description 0 agtc0 analog gain tap coefficient (bit 0) 1 agtc1 analog gain tap coefficient (bit 1) 2 agtc2 analog gain tap coefficient (bit 2) 3 agtc3 analog gain tap coefficient (bit 3) 4 agtc4 analog gain tap coefficient (bit 4) 5 seen/ single-ended enable (0 = disabled; 1 = enabled) agte analog gain tap enable (0 = disabled; 1 = enabled) 6 inv input invert (0 = disabled; 1 = enabled) 7 alb/ analog loop-back of output to input (0 = disabled; 1 = enabled) agtm analog gain tap mute (0 = off; 1 = muted) table xvii. control register g description g r e t s i g e r l o r t n o c 76543210 7 c t g d6 c t g d5 c t g d4 c t g d3 c t g d2 c t g d1 c t g d0 c t g d bit name description 0 dgtc0 digital gain tap coefficient (bit 0) 1 dgtc1 digital gain tap coefficient (bit 1) 2 dgtc2 digital gain tap coefficient (bit 2) 3 dgtc3 digital gain tap coefficient (bit 3) 4 dgtc4 digital gain tap coefficient (bit 4) 5 dgtc5 digital gain tap coefficient (bit 5) 6 dgtc6 digital gain tap coefficient (bit 6) 7 dgtc7 digital gain tap coefficient (bit 7) table xviii. control register h description h r e t s i g e r l o r t n o c 76543210 5 1 c t g d4 1 c t g d3 1 c t g d2 1 c t g d1 1 c t g d0 1 c t g d9 c t g d8 c t g d bit name description 0 dgtc8 digital gain tap coefficient (bit 8) 1 dgtc9 digital gain tap coefficient (bit 9) 2 dgtc10 digital gain tap coefficient (bit 10) 3 dgtc11 digital gain tap coefficient (bit 11) 4 dgtc12 digital gain tap coefficient (bit 12) 5 dgtc13 digital gain tap coefficient (bit 13) 6 dgtc14 digital gain tap coefficient (bit 14) 7 dgtc15 digital gain tap coefficient (bit 15)
rev. 0 ad73422 19 operation resetting the ad73422? afe the pin areset resets all the control registers. all registers are reset to zero indicating that the default sclk rate (dmclk/8) and sample rate (dmclk/2048) are at a minimum to ensure that slow speed dsp engines can communicate effectively. as well as resetting the control registers using the areset pin, the device can be reset using the reset bit (cra:7) in control register a. both hardware and software resets require four dmclk cycles. on reset, data/ pgm (cra:0) is set to 0 (default condition) thus enabling program mode. the reset conditions ensure that the device must be programmed to the correct settings after power-up or reset. following a reset, the sdofs will be asserted 2048 dmclk cycles after areset going high. the data that is output following reset and during program mode is random and contains no valid information until either data or mixed mode is set. power management the individual functional blocks of the ad73422 can be en- abled separately by programming the power control register crc. it allows certain sections to be powered down if not re- quired, which adds to the devices flexibility in that the user need not incur the penalty of having to provide power for a certain section if it is not necessary to their design. the power control registers provides individual control settings for the major functional blocks on each codec unit and also a global override that allows all sections to be powered up by setting the bit. using this method the user could, for example, individually enable a certain section, such as the reference (crc:5), and disable all others. the global power-up (crc:0) can be used to enable all sections but if power-down is required using the glo- bal control, the reference will still be enabled, in this case, be- cause its individual bit is set. refer to table xiii for details of the settings of crc. note: as both codec units share a common reference, the reference control bits (crc:5C7) in each sport are wire ored to allow either device to control the reference. hence the refer- ence is only in a reset state when the relevant control bit of both codec units is set to 0. afe operating modes there are three main modes of operation available on the ad73422; program, data and mixed program/data modes. there are also two other operating modes which are typically reserved as diagnostic modes: digital and sport loopback. the device configurationregister settingscan be changed only in program and mixed program/data modes. in all modes, transfers of information to or from the device occur in 16-bit packets, therefore the dsp en gines sport will be programmed for 16-bit transfers. program (control) mode in program mode, cra:0 = 0, the user writes to the control registers to set up the device for desired operationsport operation, cascade length, power management, input/output gain, etc. in this mode, the 16-bit information packet sent to the device by the dsp engine is interpreted as a control word whose format is shown in table x. in this mode, the user must address the device to be programmed using the address field of the con- trol word. this field is read by the device and if it is zero (000 bin) then the device recognizes the word as being addressed to it. if the address field is not zero, it is then decremented and the control word is passed out of the deviceeither to the next device in a cascade or back to the dsp engine. this 3-bit address format allows the user to uniquely address any one of up to eight de- vices in a cascade; please note that this addressing scheme is valid only in sending control information to the devicea differ- ent format is used to send dac data to the device(s). as the ad73422 features a dual afe, these two channels have sepa- rate device addresses for programming purposesthe two de- vice addresses correspond to 0 and 1. following reset, when the se pin is enabled, the codec responds by raising the sdofs pin to indicate that an output sample event has occurred. control words can be written to the device to coincide with the data being sent out of the sport or they can lag the output words by a time interval that should not exceed the sample interval. after reset, output frame sync pulses will occur at a slower default sample rate, which is dmclk/ 2048, until control register b is programmed after which the sdofs pulses will revert to the dmclk/256 rate. during program mode, the data output by the adcs is random and should not be interpreted as valid data. data mode once the device has been configured by programming the cor- rect settings to the various control registers, the device may exit program mode and enter data mode. this is done by program- ming the data/ pgm (cra:0) bit to a 1 and mm (cra:1) to 0. once the device is in data mode, the 16-bit input data frame is now interpreted as dac data rather than a control frame. this data is therefore loaded directly to the dac register. in data mode, as the entire input data frame contains dac data, the device relies on counting the number of input frame syncs received at the sdifs pin. when that number equals the device count stored in the device count field of cra, the device knows that the present data frame being received is its own dac up- date data. when the device is in normal data mode (i.e., mixed mode disabled), it must receive a hardware reset to reprogram any of the control register settings. in a single ad73422 con- figuration, each 16-bit data frame sent from the dsp to the device is interpreted as dac data but it is necessary to send two dac words per sample period in order to ensure dac update. also as the device count setting defaults to 1, it must be set to 2 (001b) to ensure correct update of both dacs on the ad73422. mixed program/data mode this mode allows the user to send control words to the device along with the dac data. this permits adaptive control of the device whereby control of the input/output gains can be effected by interleaving control words along with the normal flow of dac data. the standard data frame remains 16 bits, but now the msb is used as a flag bit to indicate whether the remaining 15 bits of the frame represent dac data or control information. in the case of dac data, the 15 bits are loaded with msb justi fication and lsb set to 0 to the dac register. mixed mode is enabled by setting the mm bit (cra:1) to 1 and the data/ pgm bit (cra:0) to 1. in the case where control setting changes will be required during normal operation, this mode allows the ability to load both control and data information with the slight inconvenience of formatting the data. note that the output samples from the adc will also have the msb set to zero to indicate it is a data word.
rev. 0 ad73422 20 a description of a single device operating in mixed mode is detailed in appendix b, while appendix d details the initializa- tion and operation of a dual codec cascade operating in mixed mode. note that it is not essential to load the control registers in program mode before setting mixed mode active. it is also possible to initiate mixed mode by programming cra with the first control word and then interleaving control words with dac data. digital loop-back this mode can be used for diagnostic purposes and allows the user to feed the adc samples from the adc register directly to the dac register. this forms a loop-back of the analog input to the analog output by reconstructing the encoded signal using the decoder channel. the serial interface will continue to work, which allows the user to control gain settings, etc. only when dlb is enabled with mixed mode operation can the user disable the dlb, otherwise the device must be reset. sport loop-back this mode allows the user to verify the dsp interfacing and connection by writing words to the sport of the devices and have them returned back unchanged after a delay of 16 sclk cycles. the frame sync and data words that are sent to the de- vice are returned via the output port. again, slb mode can only be disabled when used in conjunction with mixed mode, other- wise the device must be reset. analog loop-back in analog loop-back mode, the differential dac output is connected, via a loop-back switch, to the adc input. this mode allows the adc channel to check functionality of the dac channel as the reconstructed output signal can be moni- tored using the adc as a sampler. analog loop-back is en- abled by setting the alb bit (crf:7) note: analog loop-back can only be enabled if the analog gain tap is powered down (crc:1 = 0). inverting op amps analog loop-back select invert continuous time low-pass filter v ref vfbn1 vinn1 vinp1 vfbp1 voutp1 voutn1 refcap refout ad73422 afe section v ref analog gain tap powered down gain 1 +6/ 15db pga reference single-ended enable 0/38db pga figure 9. analog loop-back connectivity afe interfacing the afe section sport (sport2) can be interfaced to either sport0 or sport1 of the dsp section. both serial input and output data use an accompanying frame synchronization signal which is active high one clock cycle before the start of the 16-bit word or during the last bit of the previous word if transmission is continuous. the serial clock (sclk) is an output from the codec and is used to define the serial transfer rate to the dsps tx and rx ports. two primary configurations can be used: the first is shown in figure 10 where the dsps tx data, tx frame sync, rx data and rx frame sync are connected to the codecs sdi, sdifs, sdo and sdofs respectively. this configura- tion, referred to as indirectly coupled or nonframe sync loop- back, has the effect of decoupling the transmission of input data from the receipt of output data. the delay between receipt of codec output data and transmission of input data for the codec is determined by the dsps software latency. when program- ming the dsp serial port for this configuration, it is necessary to set the rx fs as an input and the tx fs as an output generated by the dsp. this configuration is most useful when operating in mixed mode, as the dsp has the ability to decide how many words (either dac or control) can be sent to the codecs. this means that full control can be implemented over the device configuration as well as updating the dac in a given sample interval. the second configuration (shown in figure 11) has the dsps tx data and rx data connected to the codecs sdi and sdo, respectively while the dsps tx and rx frame syncs are connected to the codecs sdifs and sdofs. in this configura- tion, referred to as directly coupled or frame sync loop-back, the frame sync signals are connected together and the input data to the codec is forced to be synchronous with the output data from the codec. the dsp must be programmed so that both the tx fs and rx fs are inputs as the codec sdofs will be input to both. this configuration guarantees that input and output events occur simultaneously and is the simplest configuration for operation in normal data mode. note that when program- ming the dsp in this configuration it is advisable to preload the tx register with the first control word to be sent before the codec is taken out of reset. this ensures that this word will be transmitted to coincide with the first output word from the device(s). tfs (0/1) dt (0/1) sclk (0/1) dr (0/1) rfs (0/1) dsp section afe section channel 1 channel 2 sdifs sdi sclk2 sdo sdofs ad73422 figure 10. indirectly coupled or nonframe sync loop- back configuration cascade operation the ad73422 has been designed to support cascading of extra external afes from either sport0 or sport1. cascaded operation can support mixes of dual or single channel devices with maximum number of codec units being eight (the ad73422 has two codec units configured on the device). the sport2 inter- face protocol has been designed so that device addressing is built into the packet of information sent to the device. this allows the cascade to be formed with no extra hardware over- head for control signals or addressing. a cascade can be formed in either of the two modes previously discussed.
rev. 0 ad73422 21 there may be some restrictions in cascade operation due to the number of devices configured in the cascade and the sampling rate and serial clock rate chosen. the following relationship details the restrictions in configuring a codec cascade. number of codecs word size (16) sampling rate serial clock rate tfs (0/1) dt (0/1) sclk (0/1) dr (0/1) rfs (0/1) dsp section afe section channel 1 channel 2 sdifs sdi sclk2 sdo sdofs ad73422 figure 11. directly coupled or frame sync loop- back configuration when using the indirectly coupled frame sync configuration in cascaded operation, it is necessary to be aware of the restrictions in sending data to all devices in the cascade. effectively the time allowed is given by the sampling interval (m/dmclk, where m can be one of 256, 512, 1024 or 2048) which is 125 s for a sample rate of 8 khz. in this interval, the dsp must transfer n 16 bits of information, where n is the number of devices in the cascade. each bit will take 1/sclk and, allowing for any latency between the receipt of the rx interrupt and the trans- mission of the tx data, the relationship for successful operation is given by: m/dmclk > ((n 16 /sclk) + t interrupt latency ) the interrupt latency will include the time between the adc sampling event and the rx interrupt being generated in the dspthis should be 16 sclk cycles. as the ad73422 is configured in cascade mode, each device must know the number of devices in the cascade because the data and mixed modes use a method of counting input frame sync pulses to decide when they should update the dac register from the serial input register. control register a con- tains a 3-bit field (dc0C2) that is programmed by the dsp during the programming phase. the default condition is that the field contains 000b, which is equivalent to a single device in cascade (see table xix). however, for cascade operation this field must contain a binary value that is one less than the number of devices in the cascade, which is 001b for a single ad73422 device configuration. table xix. device count settings dc2 dc1 dc0 cascade length 000 1 001 2 010 3 011 4 100 5 101 6 110 7 111 8 functional description?sp the ad73422 instruction set provides flexible data moves and multifunction (one or two data moves with a computation) instructions. every instruction can be executed in a single pro- cessor cycle. the ad73422 assembly language uses an algebraic syntax for ease of coding and readability. a comprehensive set of development tools supports program development. external address bus host mode serial ports sport 0 shifter mac alu arithmetic units memory programmable i/o and flags byte dma controller timer adsp-2100 base architecture power-down control program sequencer dag 2 data address generators program memory address data memory address program memory data data memory data internal dma port dag 1 16k dm (optional 8k) 16k pm (optional 8k) external data bus full memory mode or external data bus sport 1 serial port sport 2 ref adc2 dac2 adc1 dac1 analog front end section figure 12. functional block diagram figure 12 is an overall block diagram of the ad73422. the processor contains three independent computational units: the alu, the multiplier/accumulator (mac) and the shifter. the computational units process 16-bit data directly and have provi- sions to support multiprecision computations. the alu per- forms a standard set of arithmetic and logic operations; division primitives are also supported. the mac performs single-cycle multiply, multiply/add and multiply/subtract operations with 40 bits of accumulation. the shifter performs logical and arith- metic shifts, normalization, denormalization and derive expo- nent operations. the shifter can be used to efficiently implement numeric format control including multiword and block floating-point representations. the internal result (r) bus connects the computational units so that the output of any unit may be the input of any unit on the next cycle. a powerful program sequencer and two dedicated data address generators ensure efficient delivery of operands to these compu- tational units. the sequencer supports conditional jumps, sub- routine calls and returns in a single cycle. with internal loop counters and loop stacks, the ad73422 executes looped code with zero overhead; no explicit jump instructions are required to maintain loops. two data address generators (dags) provide addresses for simultaneous dual operand fetches (from data memory and program memory). each dag maintains and updates four address pointers. whenever the pointer is used to access data (indirect addressing), it is post-modified by the value of one of four possible modify registers. a length value may be associated with each pointer to implement automatic modulo addressing for circular buffers.
rev. 0 ad73422 22 efficient data transfer is achieved with the use of five internal buses: ? program memory address (pma) bus ? program memory data (pmd) bus ? data memory address (dma) bus ? data memory data (dmd) bus ? result (r) bus the two address buses (pma and dma) share a single external address bus, allowing memory to be expanded off-chip, and the two data buses (pmd and dmd) share a single external data bus. byte memory space and i/o memory space also share the external buses. program memory can store both instructions and data, permitting the ad73422 to fetch two operands in a single cycle, one from program memory and one from data memory. the ad 73422 can fetch an operand from program memory and the next in- struction in the same cycle. in lieu of the address and data bus for external memory connec- tion, the ad73422 may be configured for 16-bit internal dma port (idma port) connection to external systems. the idma port is made up of 16 data/address pins and five control pins. the idma port provides transparent, direct access to the dsps on-chip program and data ram. an interface to low cost byte-wide memory is provided by the byte dma port (bdma port). the bdma port is bidirectional and can directly address up to four megabytes of external ram or rom for off-chip storage of program overlays or data tables. the byte memory and i/o memory space interface supports slow memories and i/o memory-mapped peripherals with pro- grammable wait state generation. external devices can gain control of external buses with bus request/grant signals ( br , bgh , and bg ). one execution mode (go mode) allows the ad73422 to continue running from on-chip memory. normal execution mode requires the processor to halt while buses are granted. the ad73422 can respond to eleven interrupts. there can be up to six external interrupts (one edge-sensitive, two level- sensitive and three configurable) and seven internal interrupts generated by the timer, the serial ports (sports), the byte dma port and the power-down circuitry. there is also a master reset signal. the two serial ports provide a complete synchro- nous serial interface with optional companding in hardware and a wide variety of framed or frameless data transmit and receive modes of operation. each port can generate an internal programmable serial clock or accept an external serial clock. the ad73422 provides up to 13 general-purpose flag pins. the data input and output pins on sport1 can be alternatively configured as an input flag and an output flag. in addition, there are eight flags that are programmable as inputs or outputs and three flags that are always outputs. a programmable interval timer generates periodic interrupts. a 16-bit count register (tcount) is decremented every n pro- cessor cycle, where n is a scaling value stored in an 8-bit register (tscale). when the value of the count register reaches zero, an interrupt is generated and the count register is reloaded from a 16-bit period register (tperiod). serial ports the ad73422 incorporates two complete synchronous serial ports (sport0 and sport1) for serial communications and multiprocessor communication. here is a brief list of the capabilities of the ad73422 sports. for additional information on serial ports, refer to the adsp- 2100 family user? manual , third edition. ? sports are bidirectional and have a separate, double- buffered transmit and receive section. ? sports can use an external serial clock or generate their own serial clock internally. ? sports have independent framing for the receive and trans- mit sections. sections run in a frameless mode or with frame synchronization signals internally or externally generated. frame sync signals are active high or inverted, with either of two pulsewidths and timings. ? sports support serial data word lengths from 3 to 16 bits and provide optional a-law and -law companding according to ccitt recommendation g.711. ? sport receive and transmit sections can generate unique interrupts on completing a data word transfer. ? sports can receive and transmit an entire circular buffer of data with only one overhead cycle per data word. an inter- rupt is generated after a data buffer transfer. ? sport0 has a multichannel interface to selectively receive and transmit a 24- or 32-word, time-division multiplexed, serial bitstream. ? sport1 can be configured to have two external interrupts ( irq0 and irq1 ) and the flag in and flag out signals. the internally generated serial clock may still be used in this configuration. dsp section pin descriptions the ad73422 will be available in a 119-ball pbga package. in order to maintain maximum functionality and reduce package size and pin count, some serial port, programmable flag, inter- rupt and external bus pins have dual, multiplexed functionality. the external bus pins are configured during reset only, while serial port pins are software configurable during program execu tion. flag and interrupt functionality is retained concur- rently on multiplexed pins. in cases where pin functionality is reconfigurable, the default state is shown in plain text; alternate functionality is shown in italics. see pin descriptions section. memory interface pins the ad73422 processor can be used in one of two modes, full memory mode, which allows bdma operation with full exter- nal overlay memory and i/o capability, or host mode, which allows idma operation with limited external addressing capa- bilities. the operating mode is determined by the state of the mode c pin during reset and cannot be changed while the processor is running. see full memory mode pins and host mode pins tables for descriptions.
rev. 0 ad73422 23 full memory mode pins (mode c = 0) pin # of input/ name(s) pins output function a13:0 14 o address output pins for program, data, byte and i/o spaces d23:0 24 i/o data i/o pins for program, data, byte and i/o spaces (8 msbs are also used as byte memory addresses) host mode pins (mode c = 1) pin # of input/ name(s) pins output function iad15:0 16 i/o idma port address/data bus a0 1 o address pin for external i/o, program, data or byte access d23:8 16 i/o data i/o pins for program, data byte and i/o spaces iwr 1 i idma write enable ird 1 i idma read enable ial 1 i idma address latch pin is 1 i idma select iack 1 o idma port acknowledge configur- able in mode d; open source note in host mode, external peripheral addresses can be decoded using the a0, cms , pms , dms and ioms signals. terminating unused pin the following table shows the recommendations for terminating unused pins. pin terminations i/o hi-z* pin 3-state reset caused unused name (z) state by configuration xtal i i float clkout o o float a13:1 or o (z) hi-z br , ebr float iad12:0 i/o (z) hi-z is float a0 o (z) hi-z br , ebr float d23:8 i/o (z) hi-z br , ebr float d7 or i/o (z) hi-z br , ebr float iwr i i high (inactive) d6 or i/o (z) hi-z br , ebr float ird ii br , ebr high (inactive) d5 or i/o (z) hi-z float ial i i low (inactive) d4 or i/o (z) hi-z br , ebr float is i i high (inactive) d3 or i/o (z) hi-z br , ebr float iack float d2:0 or i/o (z) hi-z br , ebr float iad15:13 i/o (z) hi-z is float pms o (z) o br , ebr float dms o (z) o br , ebr float bms o (z) o br , ebr float ioms o (z) o br , ebr float pin terminations (continued) i/o hi-z* pin 3-state reset caused unused name (z) state by configuration cms o (z) o br , ebr float rd o (z) o br , ebr float wr o (z) o br , ebr float br i i high (inactive) bg o (z) o ee float bgh o o float irq2 /pf7 i/o (z) i input = high (inactive) or program as output, set to 1, let float irql1 /pf6 i/o (z) i input = high (inactive) or program as output, set to 1, let float irql0 /pf5 i/o (z) i input = high (inactive) or program as output, set to 1, let float irqe /pf4 i/o (z) i input = high (inactive) or program as output, set to 1, let float sclk0 i/o i input = high or low, output = float rfs0 i/o i high or low dr0 i i high or low tfs0 i/o o high or low dt0 o o float sclk1 i/o i input = high or low, output = float rfs1/ irq0 i/o i high or low dr1/fi i i high or low tfs1/ irq1 i/o o high or low dt1/fo o o float ee i i ebr ii ebg oo ereset ii ems oo eint ii eclk i i elin i i elout o o notes *hi-z = high impedance. 1. if the clkout pin is not used, turn it off. 2. if the interrupt/programmable flag pins are not used, there are two options: option 1: when these pins are configured as inputs at reset and function as interrupts and input flag pins, pull the pins high (inactive). option 2: program the unused pins as outputs, set them to 1, and let them float. 3. all bidirectional pins have three-stated outputs. when the pins is configured as an output, the output is hi-z (high impedance) when inactive. 4. clkin, reset, and pf3:0 are not included in the table because these pins must be used. interrupts the interrupt controller allows the processor to respond to the eleven possible interrupts and reset with minimum overhead. the ad73422 provides four dedicated external interrupt input pins, irq2 , irql0 , irql1 and irqe . in addition, sport1 may be reconfigured for irq0 , irq1 , flag_in and flag_out, for a total of six external interrupts. the ad73422 also supports internal interrupts from the timer, the byte dma port, the two serial ports, software and the power- down control circuit. the interrupt levels are internally priori- tized and individually maskable (except power-down and reset).
rev. 0 ad73422 24 the irq2 , irq0 and irq1 input pins can be programmed to be either level- or edge-sensitive. irql0 and irql1 are level- sensitive and irqe is edge-sensitive. the priorities and vector addresses of all interrupts are shown in table xx. table xx. interrupt priority and interrupt vector addresses interrupt vector source of interrupt address (hex) reset (or power-up with pucr = 1) 0000 ( highest priority ) power-down (nonmaskable) 002c irq2 0004 irql1 0008 irql0 000c sport0 transmit 0010 sport0 receive 0014 irqe 0018 bdma interrupt 001c sport1 transmit or irq1 0020 sport1 receive or irq0 0024 timer 0028 ( lowest priority ) interrupt routines can either be nested with higher priority interrupts taking precedence or processed sequentially. inter- rupts can be masked or unmasked with the imask register. individual interrupt requests are logically anded with the bits in imask; the highest priority unmasked interrupt is then selected. the power-down interrupt is nonmaskable. the ad73422 masks all interrupts for one instruction cycle following the execution of an instruction that modifies the imask register. this does not affect serial port autobuffering or dma transfers. the interrupt control register, icntl, controls interrupt nest- ing and defines the irq0 , irq1 and irq2 external interrupts to be either edge- or level-sensitive. the irqe pin is an external edge-sensitive interrupt and can be forced and cleared. the irql0 and irql1 pins are external level-sensitive interrupts. the ifc register is a write-only register used to force and clear interrupts. on-chip stacks preserve the processor status and are automatically maintained during interrupt handling. the stacks are twelve levels deep to allow interrupt, loop and subroutine nesting. the following instructions allow global enable or dis- able servicing of the interrupts (including power-down), regard- less of the state of imask. disabling the interrupts does not affect serial port autobuffering or dma. ena ints; dis ints; when the processor is reset, interrupt servicing is enabled. low power operation the ad73422 has three low power modes that significantly reduce the power dissipation when the device operates under standby conditions. these modes are: ? power-down ? idle ? slow idle the clkout pin may also be disabled to reduce external power dissipation. power-down the ad73422 processor has a low power feature that lets the processor enter a very low power dormant state through hard- ware or software control. here is a brief list of power-down features. refer to the adsp-2100 family user? manual , third edition, system interface chapter, for detailed information about the power-down feature. ? quick recovery from power-down. the processor begins executing instructions in as few as 400 clkin cycles. ? support for an externally generated ttl or cmos proces- sor clock. the external clock can continue running during power-down without affecting the 400 clkin cycle recovery. ? support for crystal operation includes disabling the oscillator to save power (the processor automatically waits 4096 clkin cycles for the crystal oscillator to start and stabilize), and letting the oscillator run to allow 400 clkin cycle start up. ? power-down is initiated by either the power-down pin ( pwd ) or the software power-down force bit. interrupt support allows an unlimited number of instructions to be executed before optionally powering down. the power-down interrupt also can be used as a nonmaskable, edge-sensitive interrupt. ? context clear/save control allows the processor to continue where it left off or start with a clean context when leaving the power-down state. ? the reset pin also can be used to terminate power-down. ? power-down acknowledge pin indicates when the processor has entered power-down. idle when the ad73422 is in the idle mode, the processor waits indefinitely in a low power state until an interrupt occurs. when an unmasked interrupt occurs, it is serviced; execution then continues with the instruction following the idle instruction. in idle mode idma, bdma and autobuffer cycle steals still occur. slow idle the idle instruction on the ad73422 slows the processors internal clock signal, further reducing power consumption. the reduced clock frequency, a programmable fraction of the normal clock rate, is specified by a selectable divisor given in the idle instruction. the format of the instruction is idle (n); where n = 16, 32, 64 or 128. this instruction keeps the proces- sor fully functional, but operating at the slower clock rate. while it is in this state, the processors other internal clock signals, such as sclk, clkout and timer clock, are reduced by the same ratio. the default form of the instruction, when no clock divisor is given, is the standard idle instruction. when the idle (n) instruction is used, it effectively slows down the processors internal clock and thus its response time to incoming interrupts. the one-cycle response time of the stan- dard idle state is increased by n , the clock divisor. when an enabled interrupt is received, the ad73422 will remain in the idle state for up to a maximum of n processor cycles ( n = 16, 32, 64 or 128) before resuming normal operation.
rev. 0 ad73422 25 when the idle (n) instruction is used in systems that have an externally generated serial clock (sclk), the serial clock rate may be faster than the processors reduced internal clock rate. under these conditions, interrupts must not be generated at a faster rate than can be serviced, due to the additional time the processor takes to come out of the idle state (a maximum of n processor cycles). system interface figure 13 shows a typical basic system configuration with the ad73422, two serial devices, a byte-wide eprom, and optional external program and data overlay memories (mode selectable). programmable wait state generation allows the processor to connect easily to slow peripheral devices. the ad73422 also provides four external interrupts and two serial ports or six external interrupts and one serial port. host memory mode allows access to the full external data bus, but limits addressing to a single address bit (a0). additional system periph- erals can be added in this mode through the use of external hardware to generate and latch address signals. clock signals the ad73422 can be clocked by either a crystal or a ttl- compatible clock signal. the clkin input cannot be halted, changed during operation or operated below the specified frequency during normal opera- tion. the only exception is while the processor is in the power- down state. for additional information, refer to chapter 9, adsp-2100 family user? manual, third edition, for detailed information on this power-down feature. if an external clock is used, it should be a ttl-compatible signal running at half the instruction rate. the signal is con- nected to the processors clkin input. when an external clock is used, the xtal input must be left unconnected. the ad73422 uses an input clock with a frequency equal to half the instruction rate; a 26.00 mhz input clock yields a 19 ns processor cycle (which is equivalent to 52 mhz). normally, instructions are executed in a single processor cycle. all device timing is relative to the internal instruction clock rate, which is indicated by the clkout signal when enabled. because the ad73422 includes an on-chip oscillator circuit, an external crystal may be used. the crystal should be connected across the clkin and xtal pins, with two capacitors con- nected as shown in figure 14. capacitor values are dependent on crystal type and should be specified by the crystal manufacturer. a parallel-resonant, fundamental frequency, microprocessor- grade crystal should be used. a clock output (clkout) signal is generated by the processor at the processors cycle rate. this can be enabled and disabled by the clk0dis bit in the sport0 autobuffer control register. sclk1 rfs1 or irq0 tfs1 or irq1 dt1 or fo dr1 or fi sport1 sclk0 rfs0 tfs0 dt0 dr0 sport0 a0-a21 data cs byte memory i/o space (peripherals) cs data addr data addr 2048 locations overlay memory two 8k pm segments two 8k dm segments a 13-0 d 23-8 a 10-0 d 15-8 d 23-16 a 13-0 14 24 fl0-2 pf3 clkin xtal addr13-0 data23-0 bms ioms pms dms cms br bg bgh pwd pwdack ad73422 system interface or controller 16 1 16 fl0-2 pf3 clkin xtal a0 data23-8 bms ioms ad73422 irq2 /pf7 irqe /pf4 irql0 /pf5 irql1 /pf6 mode c/pf2 mode b/pf1 mode a/pf0 host memory mode irq2 /pf7 irqe /pf4 irql0 /pf5 irql1 /pf6 mode c/pf2 mode b/pf1 mode a/pf0 full memory mode wr rd wr rd 1/2x clock or crystal afe* section or serial device afe* section or serial device d 23-0 1/2x clock or crystal sclk1 rfs1 or irq0 tfs1 or irq1 dt1 or fo dr1 or fi sport1 sclk0 rfs0 tfs0 dt0 dr0 sport0 afe* section or serial device afe* section or serial device pms dms cms br bg bgh pwd pwdack idma port ird /d6 iwr /d7 is /d4 ial/d5 iack /d3 iad15-0 *afe section can be connected to either sport0 or sport1 figure 13. basic system configuration clkin clkout xtal dsp figure 14. external crystal connections
rev. 0 ad73422 26 reset the reset signal initiates a master reset of the ad73422. the reset signal must be asserted during the power-up sequence to assure proper initialization. reset during initial power-up must be held long enough to allow the internal clock to stabilize. if reset is activated any time after power-up, the clock con- tinues to run and does not require stabilization time. the power-up sequence is defined as the total time required for the crystal oscillator circuit to stabilize after a valid v dd is ap- plied to the processor, and for the internal phase-locked loop (pll) to lock onto the specific crystal frequency. a minimum of 2000 clkin cycles ensures that the pll has locked, but does not include the crystal oscillator start-up time. during this power- up sequence the reset signal should be held low. on any subsequent resets, the reset signal must meet the minimum pulsewidth specification, t rsp . the reset input contains some hysteresis; however, if an rc circuit is used to generate the reset signal, an external schmidt trigger is recommended. the master reset sets all internal stack pointers to the empty stack condition, masks all interrupts and clears the mstat register. when reset is released, if there is no pending bus request and the chip is configured for booting, the boot-loading sequence is performed. the first instruction is fetched from on- chip program memory location 0x0000 once boot loading com- pletes. modes of operation table xxi summarizes the ad73422 memory modes. setting memory mode memory mode selection for the ad73422 is made during chip reset through the use of the mode c pin. this pin is multi- plexed with the dsps pf2 pin, so care must be taken in how the mode selection is made. the two methods for selecting the value of mode c are active and passive. passive configuration involves the use a pull-up or pull-down resistor connected to the mode c pin. to minimize power consumption, or if the pf2 pin is to be used as an output in the dsp application, a weak pull-up or pull-down, on the order of 100 k ? , can be used. this value should be sufficient to pull the pin to the desired level and still allow the pin to operate as a programmable flag output without undue strain on the processors output driver. for minimum power consumption during power-down, reconfigure pf2 to be an input, as the pull- up or pull-down will hold the pin in a known state and will not switch. active configuration involves the use of a three-statable exter- nal driver connected to the mode c pin. a drivers output en- able should be connected to the dsps reset signal such that it only drives the pf2 pin when reset is active (low). when reset is deasserted, the driver should three-state, thus allow- ing full use of the pf2 pin as either an input or output. to minimize power consumption during power-down, configure the programmable flag as an output when connected to a three- stated buffer. this ensures that the pin will be held at a constant level and not oscillate should the three-state drivers level hover around the logic switching point. table xxi. modes of operations 1 mode c 2 mode b 3 mode a 4 booting method 0 0 0 bdma feature is used to load the first 32 program memory words from the byte memory space. program execution is held off until all 32 words have been loaded. chip is configured in full memory mode. 5 0 1 0 no automatic boot operations occur. program execution starts at external memory location 0. chip is configured in full memory mode. bdma can still be used, but the processor does not automatically use or wait for these operations. 1 0 0 bdma feature is used to load the first 32 program memory words from the byte memory space. program execution is held off until all 32 words have been loaded. chip is config- ured in host mode. (requires additional hardware.) 1 0 1 idma feature is used to load any internal memory as desired. program execution is held off until internal program memory location 0 is written to. chip is configured in host mode. 5 notes 1 all mode pins are recognized while reset is active (low). 2 when mode c = 0, full memory enabled. when mode c = 1, host memory mode enabled. 3 when mode b = 0, auto booting enabled. when mode b = 1, no auto booting. 4 when mode a = 0, bdma enabled. when mode a = 1, idma enabled. 5 considered as standard operating settings. using these configurations allows for easier design and better memory management.
rev. 0 ad73422 27 memory architecture the ad73422 provides a variety of memory and peripheral interface options. the key functional groups are program memory, data memory, byte memory and i/o. refer to the following figures and tables for pm and dm memory alloca- tions in the ad73422. program memory program memory (full memory mode) is a 24-bit-wide space for storing both instruction op codes and data. the ad73422-80 has 16k words of program memory ram on chip (the ad73422-40 has 8k words of program memory ram on chip), and the capability of accessing up to two 8k external memory overlay spaces using the external data bus. program memory (host mode) allows access to all internal memory. external overlay access is limited by a single external address line (a0). external program execution is not available in host mode due to a restricted data bus that is 16 bits wide only. table xxii. pmovlay bits pmovlay memory a13 a12:0 0 internal not applicable not applicable 1 external 0 13 lsbs of address overlay 1 between 0x2000 and 0x3fff 2 external 1 13 lsbs of address overlay 2 between 0x2000 and 0x3fff accessible when pmovlay = 2 accessible when pmovlay = 1 always accessible at address 0x0000 0x1fff accessible when pmovlay = 0 pm (mode b = 0) internal memory external memory 0x2000 0x3fff 0x2000 0x3fff 2 0x2000 0x3fff 2 8k internal pmovlay = 0 8k external program memory mode b = 1 address 0x3fff 0x2000 0x1fff 0x0000 8k internal pmovlay = 0 or 8k external pmovlay = 1 or 2 0x3fff 0x2000 0x1fff 8k internal 0x0000 program memory mode b = 0 address accessible when pmovlay = 0 internal memory external memory 0x2000 0x3fff 0x0000 0x1fff 2 pm (mode b = 1) 1 reserved 1 when mode b = 1, pmovlay must be set to 0 2 see table iii for pmovlay bits accessible when pmovlay = 0 reserved figure 15. program memory map data memory data memory (full memory mode) is a 16-bit-wide space used for the storage of data variables and for memory-mapped control registers. the ad73422-80 has 16k words on data memory ram on chip (the ad73422-40 has 8k words on data memory ram on chip), consisting of 16,352 user-accessible locations in the case of the ad73422-80 (8,160 user-accessible locations in the case of the ad73422-40) and 32 memory- mapped registers. support also exists for up to two 8k external memory overlay spaces through the external data bus. all inter- nal accesses complete in one cycle. accesses to external memory are timed using the wait states specified by the dwait register. accessible when dmovlay = 2 accessible when dmovlay = 1 always accessible at address 0 x 2000 0 x 3fff accessible when dmovlay = 0 internal memory external memory 0 x 0000 0 x 1fff 0 x 0000 0 x 1fff 0 x 0000 0 x 1fff data memory 32 memory mapped registers 0 x 3fff 0 x 2000 0 x 1fff internal 8160 words 0 x 0000 data memory address 8k internal dmovlay = 0 or external 8k dmovlay = 1, 2 0 x 3fe0 0 x 3fdf figure 16. data memory map data memory (host mode) allows access to all internal memory. external overlay access is limited by a single external address line (a0). the dmovlay bits are defined in table xxiii. table xxiii. dmovlay bits dmovlay memory a13 a12:0 0 internal not applicable not applicable 1 external 0 13 lsbs of address overlay 1 between 0x2000 and 0x3fff 2 external 1 13 lsbs of address overlay 2 between 0x2000 and 0x3fff i/o space (full memory mode) the ad73422 supports an additional external memory space called i/o space. this space is designed to support simple con- nections to peripherals (such as data converters and external registers) or to bus interface asic data registers. i/o space supports 2048 locations of 16-bit wide data. the lower eleven bits of the external address bus are used; the upper three bits are undefined. two instructions were added to the core adsp-2100 family instruction set to read from and write to i/o memory space. the i/o space also has four dedicated 3-bit wait state registers, iowait0-3, that specify up to seven wait states to be automatically generated for each of four regions. the wait states act on address ranges as shown in table xxiv.
rev. 0 ad73422 28 table xxiv. wait states address range wait state register 0x000C0x1ff iowait0 0x200C0x3ff iowait1 0x400C0x5ff iowait2 0x600C0x7ff iowait3 composite memory select ( cms ) the ad73422 has a programmable memory select signal that is useful for generating memory select signals for memories mapped to more than one space. the cms signal is generated to have the same timing as each of the individual memory select signals ( pms , dms , bms , ioms ) but can com bine their functionality. each bit in the cmssel register, when set, causes the cms signal to be asserted when the selected memory select is as- serted. for example, to use a 32k word memory to act as both program and data memory, set the pms and dms bits in the cmssel register and use the cms pin to drive the chip select of the memory; use either dms or pms as the additional address bit. the cms pin functions like the other memory select signals, with the same timing and bus request logic. a 1 in the enable bit causes the assertion of the cms signal at the same time as the selected memory select signal. all enable bits default to 1 at reset, except the bms bit. boot memory select ( bms ) disable the ad73422 also lets you boot the processor from one exter- nal memory space while using a different external memory space for bdma transfers during normal operation. you can use the cms to select the first external memory space for bdma trans- fers and bms to select the second external memory space for booting. the bms signal can be disabled by setting bit 3 of the system control register to 1. the system control register is illustrated in figure 17. system control register pwait program memory wait states 0000010000000111 1514131211109876543210 dm (0 3fff) bms enable 0 = enabled 1 = disabled sport0 enable 1 = enabled 0 = disabled sport1 enable 1 = enabled 0 = disabled sport1 configure 1 = serial port 0 = fi, fo, irq0 , irq1 , sclk figure 17. system control register byte memory the byte memory space is a bidirectional, 8-bit-wide, external memory space used to store programs and data. byte memory is accessed using the bdma feature. the bdma control regis- ter is shown in figure 18. the byte memory space consists of 256 pages, each of which is 16k 8. the byte memory space on the ad73422 supports read and write operations as well as four different data formats. the byte memory uses data bits 15:8 for data. the byte memory uses data bits 23:16 and address bits 13:0 to create a 22-bit address. this allows up to a 4 meg 8 (32 megabit) rom or ram to be used without glue logic. all byte memory accesses are timed by the bmwait register. byte memory dma (bdma, full memory mode) the byte memory dma controller allows loading and storing of program instructions and data using the byte memory space. the bdma circuit is able to access the byte memory space while the processor is operating normally, and steals only one dsp cycle per 8-, 16- or 24-bit word transferred. bdma control bmpage btype bcr 0 = run during bdma 1 = halt during bdma 0000000000001000 1514131211109876543210 dm (0 3fe3) bdir 0 = load from bm 1 = store to bm figure 18. bdma control register the bdma circuit supports four different data formats that are selected by the btype register field. the appropriate number of 8-bit accesses are done from the byte memory space to build the word size selected. table xxv shows the data formats sup- ported by the bdma circuit. table xxv. data formats internal btype memory space word size alignment 00 program memory 24 full word 01 data memory 16 full word 10 data memory 8 msbs 11 data memory 8 lsbs unused bits in the 8-bit data memory formats are filled with 0s. the biad register field is used to specify the starting address for the on-chip memory involved with the transfer. the 14-bit bead register specifies the starting address for the external byte mem ory space. the 8-bit bmpage register specifies the starting page for the external byte memory space. the bdir register field selects the direction of the transfer. finally the 14-bit bwcount register specifies the number of dsp words to transfer and initiates the bdma circuit transfers. bdma accesses can cross page boundaries during sequential addressing. a bdma interrupt is generated on the completion of the number of transfers specified by the bwcount register. the bwcount register is updated after each transfer so it can be used to check the status of the transfers. when it reaches zero, the transfers have finished and a bdma interrupt is gener- ated. the bmpage and bead registers must not be accessed by the dsp during bdma operations. the source or destination of a bdma transfer will always be on-chip program or data memory. when the bwcount register is written with a nonzero value, the bdma circuit starts executing byte memory accesses with wait states set by bmwait. these accesses continue until the count reaches zero. when enough accesses have occurred to create a destination word, it is transferred to or from on-chip memory. the transfer takes one dsp cycle. dsp accesses to exter- nal memory have priority over bdma byte memory accesses.
rev. 0 ad73422 29 the bdma context reset bit (bcr) controls whether or not the processor is held off while the bdma accesses are occur- ring. setting the bcr bit to 0 allows the processor to continue operations. setting the bcr bit to 1 causes the processor to stop execution while the bdma accesses are occurring, to clear the context of the processor and start execution at address 0 when the bdma accesses have completed. the bdma overlay bits specify the ovlay memory blocks to be accessed for internal memory. internal memory dma port (idma port; host memory mode) the idma port provides an efficient means of communication between a host system and the ad73422. the port is used to access the on-chip program memory and data memory of the dsp with only one dsp cycle per word overhead. the idma port cannot be used, however, to write to the dsps memory- mapped control registers. a typical idma transfer process is described as follows: 1. host starts idma transfer. 2. host checks iack control line to see if the dsp is busy. 3. host uses is and ial control lines to latch either the dma starting address (idmaa) or the pm/dm ovlay selection into the dsps idma control registers. if iad[15] = 1, the value of iad[7:0] represents the idma overlay: iad[14:8] must be set to 0. if iad[15] = 0, the value of iad[13:0] represents the start- ing address of internal memory to be accessed and iad[14] reflects pm or dm for access. 4. host uses is and ird (or iwr ) to read (or write) dsp inter- nal memory (pm or dm). 5. host checks iack line to see if the dsp has completed the previous idma operation. 6. host ends idma transfer. the idma port has a 16-bit multiplexed address and data bus and supports 24-bit program memory. the idma port is completely asynchronous and can be written to while the ad73422 is operating at full speed. the dsp memory address is latched and then automatically incremented after each idma transaction. an external device can, therefore, access a block of sequentially addressed memory by specifying only the starting address of the block. this in- creases throughput as the address does not have to be sent for each memory access. idma port access occurs in two phases. the first is the idma address latch cycle. when the acknowledge is asserted, a 14-bit address and 1-bit destination type can be driven onto the bus by an external device. the address specifies an on-chip memory location; the destination type specifies whether it is a dm or pm access. the falling edge of the address latch signal latches this value into the idmaa register. once the address is stored, data can either be read from or written to the ad73422s on-chip memory. asserting the select line ( is ) and the appropriate read or write line ( ird and iwr respectively) signals the ad73422 that a particular trans- action is required. in either case, there is a one-processor-cycle delay for synchronization. the memory access consumes one additional processor cycle. once an access has occurred, the latched address is automati- cally incremented and another access can occur. through the idmaa register, the dsp can also specify the starting address and data format for dma operation. asserting the idma port select ( is ) and address latch enable (ial) di- rects the ad73422 to write the address onto the iad0C14 bus into the idma control register. if iad[15] is set to 0, idma latches the address. if iad[15] is set to 1, idma latches ovlay memory. the idma ovlay and address are stored in separate memory-mapped registers. the idmaa register, shown below, is memory mapped at address dm (0x3fe0). note that the latched address (idmaa) cannot be read back by the host. the idma ovlay register is memory mapped at address dm (0x3fe7). see figure 19 for more information on idma and dma memory maps. idma control (u = undefined at reset) dm(0 3fe0) idmaa address idmad destination memory type: 0 = pm 1 = dm uuuuuuuuuuuuuuu 1514131211109876543210 figure 19. idma control/ovlay registers bootstrap loading (booting) the ad73422 has two mechanisms to allow automatic loading of the internal program memory after reset. the method for booting after reset is controlled by the mode a, b and c con- figuration bits. when the mode pins specify bdma booting, the ad73422 initiates a bdma boot sequence when reset is released. the bdma interface is set up during reset to the following defaults when bdma booting is specified: the bdir, bmpage, biad and bead registers are set to 0, the btype register is set to 0 to specify program memory 24-bit words, and the bwcount register is set to 32. this causes 32 words of on- chip program memory to be loaded from byte memory. these 32 words are used to set up the bdma to load in the remaining program code. the bcr bit is also set to 1, which causes pro- gram execution to be held off until all 32 words are loaded into on-chip program memory. execution then begins at address 0. the adsp-2100 family development software (revision 5.02 and later) fully supports the bdma booting feature and can generate byte memory space compatible boot code. the idle instruction can also be used to allow the processor to hold off execution while booting continues through the bdma interface. for bdma accesses while in host mode, the ad- dresses to boot memory must be constructed externally to the ad73422. the only memory address bit provided by the pro- cessor is a0. idma port booting the ad73422 can also boot programs through its internal dma port. if mode c = 1, mode b = 0 and mode a = 1, the ad73422 boots from the idma port. idma feature can load as much on-chip memory as desired. program execution is held off until on-chip program memory location 0 is written to.
rev. 0 ad73422 30 bus request and bus grant (full memory mode) the ad73422 can relinquish control of the data and address buses to an external device. when the external device requires access to memory, it asserts the bus request (br) signal. if the ad73422 is not performing an external memory access, it re- sponds to the active br input in the following processor cycle by: ? three-stating the data and address buses and the pms , dms , bms , cms , ioms , rd , wr output drivers, ? asserting the bus grant ( bg ) signal and ? halting program execution. if go mode is enabled, the ad73422 will not halt program execution until it encounters an instruction that requires an external memory access. if the ad73422 is performing an external memory access when the external device asserts the br signal, it will not three-state the memory interfaces or assert the bg signal until the proces- sor cycle after the access completes. the instruction does not need to be completed when the bus is granted. if a single in- struction requires two external memory accesses, the bus will be granted between the two accesses. when the br signal is released, the processor releases the bg signal, reenables the output drivers and continues program execution from the point at which it stopped. the bus request feature operates at all times, including when the processor is booting and when reset is active. the bgh pin is asserted when the ad73422 is ready to execute an instruction, but is stopped because the external bus is already granted to another device. the other device can release the bus by deasserting bus request. once the bus is released, the ad73422 deasserts bg and bgh and executes the external memory access. flag i/o pins the ad73422 has eight general-purpose programmable input/ output flag pins. they are controlled by two memory mapped registers. the pftype register determines the direction, 1 = output and 0 = input. the pfdata register is used to read and write the values on the pins. data being read from a pin config- ured as an input is synchronized to the ad73422s clock. bits that are programmed as outputs will read the value being out- put. the pf pins default to input during reset. in addition to the programmable flags, the ad73422 has five fixed-mode flags, flag_in, flag_out, fl0, fl1 and fl2. fl0Cfl2 are dedicated output flags. flag_in and flag_out are available as an alternate configuration of sport1. note: pins pf0, pf1, pf2 and pf3 are also used for device configuration during reset. instruction set description the ad73422 assembly language instruction set has an alge- braic syntax that was designed for ease of coding and readabil- ity. the assembly language, which takes full advantage of the processors unique architecture, offers the following benefits: ? the algebraic syntax eliminates the need to remember cryp- tic assembler mnemonics. for example, a typical arithmetic add instruction, such as ar = ax0 + ay0, resembles a simple equation. ? every instruction assembles into a single, 24-bit word that can execute in a single instruction cycle. ? the syntax is a superset adsp-2100 family assembly language and is completely source and object code compatible with other family members. programs may need to be relocated to utilize on-chip memory and conform to the ad73422s interrupt vector and reset vector map. ? sixteen condition codes are available. for conditional jump, call, return or arithmetic instructions, the condition can be checked and the operation executed in the same instruction cycle. ? multifunction instructions allow parallel execution of an arithmetic instruction with up to two fetches or one write to processor memory space during a single instruction cycle. designing an ez-ice-compatible system the ad73422 has on-chip emulation support and an ice-port, a special set of pins that interface to the ez-ice. these features allow in-circuit emulation without replacing the target system processor by using only a 14-pin connection from the target system to the ez-ice. target systems must have a 14-pin con- nector to accept the ez-ices in-circuit probe, a 14-pin plug. see the adsp-2100 family ez-tools data sheet for complete information on ice products. issuing the chip reset command during emulation causes the dsp to perform a full chip reset, including a reset of its memory mode. therefore, it is vital that the mode pins are set correctly prior to issuing a chip reset command from the emulator user interface. if you are using a passive method of maintaining mode information (as discussed in setting memory modes), it does not matter that the mode information is latched by an emulator reset. however, if you are using the reset pin as a method of setting the value of the mode pins, you have to take the effects of an emulator reset into consideration. one method of ensuring that the values located on the mode pins are those desired is to construct a circuit like the one shown in figure 20. this circuit forces the value located on the mode a pin to logic high; regardless if it latched via the reset or ereset pin. ereset reset ad73422 mode a/pfo programmable i/o 1k figure 20. mode a pin/ez-ice circuit the ice-port interface consists of the following ad73422 pins: ebr ebg ereset ems eint eclk elin elout ee these ad73422 pins must be connected only to the ez-ice connector in the target system. these pins have no function except during emulation, and do not require pull-up or pull- down resistors. the traces for these signals between the ad73422 and the connector must be kept as short as possible, no longer than three inches.
rev. 0 ad73422 31 the following pins are also used by the ez-ice: br bg reset gnd the ez-ice uses the ee (emulator enable) signal to take con- trol of the ad73422 in the target system. this causes the pro- cessor to use its ereset , ebr and ebg pins instead of the reset , br and bg pins. the bg output is three-stated. t hese signals do not need to be jumper-isolated in your system. the ez-ice connects to your target system via a ribbon cable and a 14-pin female plug. the ribbon cable is 10 inches in length with one end fixed to the ez-ice. the female plug is plugged onto the 14-pin connector (a pin strip header) on the target board. target board connector for ez-ice probe the ez-ice connector (a standard pin strip header) is shown in figure 21. you must add this connector to your target board design if you intend to use the ez-ice. be sure to allow enough room in your system to fit the ez-ice probe onto the 14-pin connector. 12 34 56 78 9 10 11 12 13 14 gnd key (no pin) reset br bg top view ebg ebr elout ee eint elin eclk ems ereset figure 21. target board connector for ez-ice the 14-pin, 2-row pin strip header is keyed at the pin 7 loca- tionyou must remove pin 7 from the header. the pins must be 0.025 inch square and at least 0.20 inch in length. pin spac- ing should be 0.1 0.1 inches. the pin strip header must have at least 0.15 inch clearance on all sides to accept the ez-ice probe plug. pin strip headers are available from vendors such as 3m, mckenzie and samtec. target memory interface for your target system to be compatible with the ez-ice emu- lator, it must comply with the memory interface guidelines listed below. pm, dm, bm, iom and cm design your program memory (pm), data memory (dm), byte memory (bm), i/o memory (iom) and composite memory (cm) external interfaces to comply with worst case device timing requirements and switching characteristics as speci- fied in the dsps data sheet. the performance of the ez-ice may approach published worst case specification for some memory access timing requirements and switching characteristics. note: if your target does not meet the worst case chip specifica- tion for memory access parameters, you may not be able to emulate your circuitry at the desired clkin frequency. de- pending on the severity of the specification violation, you may have trouble manufacturing your system as dsp components statistically vary in switching characteristic and timing require- ments within published limits. restriction: all memory strobe signals on the ad73422 ( rd , wr , pms , dms , bms , cms and ioms ) used in your target system must have 10 k ? pull-up resistors connected when the ez-ice is being used. the pull-up resistors are necessary be- cause there are no internal pull-ups to guarantee their state during prolonged three-state conditions resulting from typical ez-ice debugging sessions. these resistors may be removed at your option when the ez-ice is not being used. target system interface signals when the ez-ice board is installed, the performance on some system signals changes. design your system to be compatible with the following system interface signal changes introduced by the ez-ice board: ? ez-ice emulation introduces an 8 ns propagation delay between your target circuitry and the dsp on the reset signal. ? ez-ice emulation introduces an 8 ns propagation delay between your target circuitry and the dsp on the br signal. ? ez-ice emulation ignores reset and br when single- stepping. ? ez-ice emulation ignores reset and br when in emula- tor space (dsp halted). ? ez-ice emulation ignores the state of target br in certain modes. as a result, the target system may take control of the dsps external memory bus only if bus grant (bg) is asserted by the ez-ice boards dsp. analog front end (afe) interfacing the afe section of the ad73422 features two voiceband input/ output channels, each with 16-bit linear resolution. connectiv- ity to the afe section from the dsp is uncommitted, thus allow ing the user the flexibility of connecting in the mode or configuration of their choice. this section will detail several configurationswith no extra afe channels configured and with two extra afe channels configured (using an external ad73322 dual afe). dsp sport to afe interfacing the sclk, sdo, sdofs, sdi and sdifs pins of sport2 must be connected to the serial clock, receive data, receive data frame sync, transmit data and transmit data frame sync pins respectively of either sport0 or sport1. the se pin may be controlled from a parallel output pin or flag pin such as fl0-2 or, where sport2 power-down is not required, it can be permanently strapped high using a suitable pull-up resistor. the areset pin may be connected to the system hardware reset structure or it may also be controlled using a dedicated control line. in the event of tying it to the global system reset, it is advisable to operate the device in mixed mode, which allows a software reset, otherwise there is no convenient way of resetting the afe section.
rev. 0 ad73422 32 tfs dt sclk dr rfs dsp section ad73422 afe section sdifs sdi sclk sdo sdofs fl0 fl1 areset se figure 22. ad73422 afe to dsp connection cascade operation where it is required to configure extra analog i/o channels to the existing two channels on the ad73422, it is possible to cascade up to six more channels (using single channel ad73311 or dual channel ad73322 afes) by using the scheme described in figure 24. it is necessary, however, to ensure that the timing of the se and areset signals is synchronized at each device in the cascade. a simple d-type flip-flop is sufficient to sync each signal to the master clock amclk, as in figure 23. 1/2 74hc74 clk dq dsp control to se amclk se signal synchronized to amclk dsp control to areset amclk areset signal synchronized to amclk 1/2 74hc74 clk dq figure 23. se and areset sync circuit for cascaded operation connection of a cascade of devices to a dsp, as shown in fig- ure 24, is no more complicated than connecting a single device. instead of connecting the sdo and sdofs to the dsps rx port, these are now daisy-chained to the sdi and sdifs of the next device in the cascade. the sdo and sdofs of the final device in the cascade are connected to the dsp sections rx port to complete the cascade. se and areset on all devices are fed from the signals that were synchronized with the amclk using the circuit as described above. the sclk from only one device need be connected to the dsp sections sclk input(s) as all devices will be running at the same sclk frequency and phase. tfs dt dr rfs afe section sdifs sdi sclk sdo sdofs sclk device 1 amclk se areset additional ad73322 codec sdifs sdi sclk sdo sdofs device 2 amclk se areset 74hc74 q1 q2 d1 d2 fl0 fl1 dsp section figure 24. connection of an ad73322 cascaded to ad73422 interfacing to the afe? analog inputs and outputs the afe section of the ad73422 offers a flexible interface for microphone pickups, line level signals or pstn line interfaces. this section will detail some of the configurations that can be used with the input and output sections. the ad73422 features both differential inputs and outputs on each channel to provide optimal performance and avoid common- mode noise. it is also possible to interface either inputs or out- puts in single-ended mode. this section details the choice of input and output configurations and also gives some tips toward successful configuration of the analog interface sections. continuous time low-pass filter v ref vfbn1 vinn1 vinp1 vfbp1 voutp1 voutn1 refcap refout ad73422 v ref +6/ 15db pga reference 0/38db pga 0.047 f 0.047 f 100 100 antialias filter 0.1 f gain 1 figure 25. analog input (dc-coupled)
rev. 0 ad73422 33 analog inputs there are several different ways in which the analog input (en- coder) section of the ad73422 can be interfaced to external circuitry. it provides optional input amplifiers which allows sources with high source impedance to drive the adc section correctly. when the input amplifiers are enabled, the input channel is configured as a differential pair of inverting amplifiers referenced to the internal reference (refcap) level. the in- verting terminals of the input amplifier pair are designated as pins vinp1 and vinn1 for channel 1 (vinp2 and vinn2 for channel 2) and the amplifier feedback connections are available on pins vfbp1 and vfbn1 for channel 1 (vfbp2 and vfbn2 for channel 2). for applications where external signal buffering is required, the input amplifiers can be bypassed and the adc driven directly. when the input amplifiers are disabled, the sigma-delta mod- ulators input section (sc pga) is accessed directly through the vfbp1 and vfbn1 pins for channel 1 (vfbp2 and vfbn2 for channel 2). it is also possible to drive the adcs in either differential or single-ended modes. if the single-ended mode is chosen it is possible using software control to multiplex between two single- ended inputs connected to the positive and negative input pins. the primary concerns in interfacing to the adc are firstly to provide adequate antialias filtering and to ensure that the signal source will correctly drive the switched-capacitor input of the adc. the sigma-delta design of the adc and its oversampling characteristics simplify the antialias requirements, but it must be remembered that the single-pole rc filter is primarily intended to eliminate aliasing of frequencies above the nyquist fre- quency of the sigma-delta modulators sampling rate (typi- cally 2.048 mhz). it may still require a more specific digital filter implementation in the dsp to provide the final signal frequency response characteristics. it is recommended that for optimum performance the capacitors used for the antialiasing filter be of high quality dielectric (npo). the second issue mentioned above is interfacing the signal source to the adcs switched capacitor input load. the sc input presents a complex dynamic load to a signal source, so it is important to understand that the slew rate characteristic is an important consideration when choosing external buffers for use with the ad73422. the internal inverting op amps on the ad73422s afe are specifi- cally designed to interface to the adcs sc input stage. the ad73422s on-chip 38 db preamplifier can be enabled when there is not enough gain in the input circuit; the preampli- fier is configured by bits igs0C2 of crd. the total gain must be configured to ensure that a full-scale input signal produces a signal level at the input to the sigma-delta modulator of the adc that does not exceed the maximum input range. the dc biasing of the analog input signal is accomplished with an on-chip voltage reference. if the input signal is not biased at the internal reference level (via refout), it must be ac-coupled with external coupling capacitors. c in should be 0.1 f or larger. the dc biasing of the input can then be accomplished using resistors to refout as in figures 28 and 29. continuous time low-pass filter v ref vfbn1 vinn1 vinp1 vfbp1 voutp1 voutn1 refcap refout ad73422 v ref +6/ 15db pga reference 0/38db pga 0.047 f 0.047 f 100 100 antialias filter 0.1 f gain 1 optional buffer figure 26. analog input (dc-coupled) using external amplifiers the ad73422s adc inputs are biased about the internal refer- ence level (refcap level), therefore it may be necessary to either bias external signals to this level using the buffered refout level as the reference. this is applicable in either dc- or ac-coupled configurations. in the case of dc-coupling, the signal (biased to refout) may be applied directly to the in- puts (using amplifier bypass), as shown in figure 25, or it may be conditioned in an external op amp where it can also be bi- ased to the reference level using the buffered refout signal as shown in figure 26. it is also possible to connect inputs directly to the ad73422s input op amps as shown in figure 27. continuous time low-pass filter v ref vfbn1 vinn1 vinp1 vfbp1 voutp1 voutn1 refcap refout ad73422 v ref +6/ 15db pga reference 0/38db pga 0.1 f gain 1 100pf 50k 50k 100pf 50k 50k figure 27. analog input (dc-coupled) using internal amplifiers
rev. 0 ad73422 34 in the case of ac-coupling, a capacitor is used to couple the signal to the input of the adc. the adc input must be biased to the internal reference (refcap) level, which is done by connecting the input to the refout pin through a 10 k ? resistor as shown in figure 28. continuous time low-pass filter v ref vfbn1 vinn1 vinp1 vfbp1 voutp1 voutn1 refcap refout ad73422 v ref +6/ 15db pga reference 0/38db pga 0.1 f gain 1 100 10k 0.1 f 100 0.047 f 0.047 f 10k 0.1 f figure 28. analog input (ac-coupled) differential if the adc is being connected in single-ended mode, the ad73422 should be programmed for single-ended mode using the seen and inv bits of crf and the inputs connected as shown in figure 29. when operated in single-ended input mode, the ad73422 can multiplex one of the two inputs to the adc input. continuous time low-pass filter v ref vfbn1 vinn1 vinp1 vfbp1 voutp1 voutn1 refcap refout ad73422 v ref +6/ 15db pga reference 0/38db pga 0.1 f gain 1 100 0.047 f 10k 0.1 f figure 29. analog input (ac-coupled) single-ended if best performance is required from a single-ended source, it is possible to configure the ad73422s input amplifiers as a single-ended-to-differential converter as shown in figure 30. continuous time low-pass filter v ref vfbn1 vinn1 vinp1 vfbp1 voutp1 voutn1 refcap refout ad73422 v ref +6/ 15db pga reference 0/38db pga 0.1 f gain 1 100pf 50k 50k 100pf 50k 50k figure 30. single-ended-to-differential conversion on analog input interfacing to an electret microphone figure 31 details an interface for an electret microphone which may be used in some voice applications. electret microphones typically feature a fet amplifier whose output is accessed on the same lead that supplies power to the microphone, therefore this output signal must be capacitively coupled to remove the power supply (dc) component. in this circuit the ad73422 continuous time low-pass filter v ref vfbn1 vinn1 vinp1 vfbp1 voutp1 voutn1 refcap refout ad73422 v ref +6/ 15db pga reference 0/38db pga gain 1 c1 r2 r1 c2 r b r a +5v electret probe 10 f c refcap figure 31. electret microphone interface circuit
rev. 0 ad73422 35 input channel is being used in single-ended mode where the internal inverting amplifier provides suitable gain to scale the input signal relative to the adcs full-scale input range. the buffered internal reference level at refout is used via an external buffer to provide power to the electret microphone. this provides a quiet, stable supply for the microphone. if this is not a concern, then the microphone can be powered from the system power supply. analog output the ad73422s differential analog output (vout) is produced by an on-chip differential amplifier. the differential output can be ac-coupled or dc-coupled directly to a load that can be a headset or the input of an external amplifier (the specified minimum resistive load on the output section is 150 ? .) it is possible to connect the outputs in either a differential or a single-ended configuration, but please note that the effective maximum output voltage swing (peak-to-peak) is halved in the case of single-ended connection. figure 32 shows a simple cir- cuit providing a differential output with ac coupling. the ca- pacitors in this circuit (c out ) are optional; if used, their value can be chosen as follows: c fr out c load = 1 2 where f c = desired cutoff frequency. continuous time low-pass filter v ref vfbn1 vinn1 vinp1 vfbp1 voutp1 voutn1 refcap refout ad73422 v ref +6/ 15db pga reference 0/38db pga gain 1 r load c out c out c refcap figure 32. example circuit for differential output figure 33 shows an example circuit for providing a single-ended output with ac coupling. the capacitor of this circuit (c out ) is not optional if dc current drain is to be avoided. continuous time low-pass filter v ref vfbn1 vinn1 vinp1 vfbp1 voutp1 voutn1 refcap refout ad73422 +6/ 15db pga reference 0.1 f gain 1 r load c out figure 33. example circuit for single-ended output differential-to-single-ended output in some applications it may be desirable to convert the full differential output of the decoder channel to a single-ended signal. the circuit of figure 34 shows a scheme for doing this. continuous time low-pass filter v ref vfbn1 vinn1 vinp1 vfbp1 voutp1 voutn1 refcap refout ad73422 v ref +6/ 15db pga reference 0/38db pga gain 1 0.1 f r i r load r f r i r f figure 34. example circuit for differential-to-single- ended output conversion
rev. 0 ad73422 36 grounding and layout as the analog in puts to the ad73422s afe section are differ- ential, most of the voltages in the analog modulator are common- mode voltages. the excellent common-mode rejection of the part will remove common-mode noise on these inputs. the analog and digital supplies of the ad73422 are independent and separately pinned out to minimize coupling between analog and digital sections of the device. the digital filters on the encoder section will provide rejection of broadband noise on the power supplies, except at integer multiples of the modulator sampling frequency. the digital filters also remove noise from the analog inputs provided the noise source does not saturate the analog modulator. however, because the resolution of the ad73422s adc is high, and the noise levels from the ad73422 are so low, care must be taken with regard to grounding and layout. the printed circuit board that houses the ad73422 should be designed so the analog and digital sections are separated and confined to certain sections of the board. the ad73422 ball- out configuration offers a major advantage in that its analog interfaces are confined to the last three rows of the package. this facilitates the use of ground planes that can be easily sepa- rated, as shown in figure 35. a minimum etch technique is generally best for ground planes as it gives the best shielding. digital and analog ground planes should be joined in only one place. if this connection is close to the device, it is recommended to use a ferrite bead inductor. avoid running digital lines under the afe section of the device for they will couple noise onto the die. the analog ground plane should be allowed to run under the ad73422s afe section to avoid noise coupling (see figure 35). the power supply lines to the ad73422 should use as large a trace as possible to provide low impedance paths and reduce the effects of glitches on the power supply lines. fast switching signals such as clocks should be shielded with digital ground to avoid radiating noise to other sections of the board, and clock signals should never be run near analog ground plane digital ground plane afe analog afe digital dsp a b c d e f g h j k l m n p r t u 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 figure 35. ground plane layout the analog inputs. traces on opposite sides of the board should run at right angles to each other. this will reduce the effects of feedthrough through the board. a microstrip technique is by far the best but is not always possible with a double-sided board. in this technique, the component side of the board is dedicated to ground planes while signals are placed on the other side. good decoupling is important when using high speed devices. on the ad73422 both the reference (refcap) and supplies need to be decoupled. it is recommended that the decoupling capacitors used on both refcap and the supplies, be placed as close as possible to their respective ball connections to ensure high performance from the device. all analog and digital sup- plies should be decoupled to agnd and dgnd respectively, with 0.1 f ceramic capacitors in parallel with 10 f tantalum capacitors. the afes digital section supply (dvdd) should be connected to the digital supply that feeds the dsps vdd(ext) connections while the afes digital ground dgnd should be returned to the digital ground plane. outline dimensions dimensions shown in inches and (mm). 119-ball plastic ball grid array (pbga) b-119 a b c d e f g h j k l m n p r t u 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.050 (1.27) bsc 0.800 (20.32) bsc 0.300 (7.62) bsc 0.050 (1.27) bsc 0.126 (3.19) ref 0.033 (0.84) ref bottom view a1 top view 0.874 (22.20) 0.858 (21.80) 0.559 (14.20) 0.543 (13.80) 0.089 (2.27) 0.073 (1.85) detail a seating plane 0.037 (0.95) 0.033 (0.85) 0.028 (0.70) 0.020 (0.50) detail a 0.035 (0.90) 0.024 (0.60) ball diameter 0.022 (0.56) ref printed in u.s.a. c3505 8 6/99

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